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Vol 20, No 4 (2023)
- Year: 2023
- Articles: 5
- URL: https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/issue/view/8467
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/CI.2023204
Reviews
Delivery systems for growth factors and cytokines in the treatment of chronic skin wounds
Abstract
Chronic wounds are characterized by a wide prevalence, high mortality rate, complex and expensive treatment. Characteristic features of non-healing wounds are prolonged inflammation, dysfunction of immune cell regulation, and imbalance in the secretion of growth factors and cytokines. All this leads to impaired healing processes and restoration of skin functions. Current research demonstrates the importance of studying the influence of growth factors and cytokines on the process of repair of chronic skin wounds, and the importance of developing ways to use integrated therapies to deliver bioactive substances to injury site. Different types of encapsulating forms represent a promising and effective system for the delivery of drugs that have a stimulating effect on the wound healing process. Hydrogels provide controlled release and protect bioactive molecules from protease degradation. This review examines the role of immune cells in the pathogenesis of chronic skin wounds and their interactions with cytokines and growth factors in the reparative process of chronic skin injuries. The review article evaluates modern approaches to the use of various biomaterials for the delivery of cytokines, which, on the one hand, ensures their retention, stabilization and protection from degradation, and on the other hand, promotes the closure and healing of the wound surface.
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Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of novel coronavirus infection
Abstract
The activation of various types of epithelial, endothelial, and immunocompetent cells, along with hyperproduction of cytokines and other proinflammatory mediators and activation of the complement system, plays a crucial in the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). These conditions leads to severe inflammation and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Hyperinflammatory reactions in the lungs and other tissues result in significant tissue damage and organ dysfunction. A specific feature of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection is the combination of cell death and inflammation. In COVID-19, not only pneumocytes but also many other cells are killed. These cells undergo programed cell death through three main pathways: apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. These processes help protect organisms from intracellular pathogens by releasing them from infected cells, which then bind to specific receptors and antibodies, undergo opsonization, and are phagocytosed. Localized inflammation aims to eliminate these pathogens, but severe inflammation is an important component of the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. The immunopathogenesis of COVID-19, particularly the role of inflammation in the development of severe clinical signs, is now largely understood. This disease has a complex immunopathology, including excessive activation of adaptive and innate branches of the immune system and interactions between immune cells and affected tissues.
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Original Study Articles
Impact of comorbid pathology on the cytokine cascade in the population of a large industrial city (using Chelyabinsk as an example)
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The steady increase in the number of patients with comorbid pathology in large industrial cities necessitates the study of the immune response in this category of patients.
AIM: To investigate the cytokine profile of residents of a large industrial city (using Chelyabinsk as an example) depending on the presence of comorbid pathology (type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cross-sectional study included 61 people, including 39 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 22 clinically healthy volunteers. The multiplex assessment method was used to evaluate the concentrations of 11 cytokines in the blood serum: GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, MIP-1β, TNF-α (pg/ml).
RESULTS: Determination of the concentration of cytokines in the blood serum of patients with comorbid pathology in Chelyabinsk revealed a number of features, consisting in the predominance of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-8, MIP-1β, IL-12p70, IL-17A) and a shift in the Th1/Th2 balance towards the proinflammatory phenotype Th1.
CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results confirm the presence of inflammation in comorbid pathology (type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension) in the population of Chelyabinsk.
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Regional features of sensitization to various allergens in children with allergic diseases, taking into account the formed exposome
Abstract
BACKGROUND: According to data from the World Health Organisation, up to 40% of the world’s population and up to 35% of the Russian population suffer from allergies. Assessing the impact of the exposome in the population of the Russian Federation is a crucial issue of national public health care, which will provide a personalised approach to the treatment and prevention of allergic diseases in the local population.
AIM: To evaluate the sensitisation profile in children with allergic diseases from different regions of Russia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included sick children aged 2 to 12 years with allergic manifestations from different regions of the Russian Federation. The concentration of total IgE and allergen-specific immunoglobulins in blood was determined retrospectively on the basis of analyses of results obtained in clinical and diagnostic laboratories performing immunoblotting tests using the Allergy-Q® test system (South Korea).
RESULTS: Sensitisation to allergens mediated by IgE was detected more frequently than in half of the cases (436 people — 58.39%). In the group of household allergens the first place is occupied by cat, then dog and already then house dust. Among respiratory allergens, birch and/or other trees, weeds and mugwort are the leaders. Food sensitisation in children is mainly to milk, egg, fish and seafood.
CONCLUSIONS: The peculiarities of sensitisation revealed in different regions are easily explained by the formed exposomes (due to different climatic conditions, peculiarities of regional vegetation and nutrition). The obtained data can be used to develop measures of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases.
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Recombinant human interleukin-2 corrects NK cell phenotype and functional activity in patients with post-COVID syndrome
Abstract
Post-COVID syndrome develops in 10–20% of people who have recovered from COVID-19 and it is characterized by impaired function of the nervous, cardiovascular, and immune systems. Previously, it was found that patients who recovered from infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus had a decrease in the number and functional activity of NK cells. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of recombinant human interleukin-2 administered to correct NK cell phenotype and functional activity in patients with post-COVID syndrome. Patients were examined after 3 months for acute COVID-19 of varying severity. The phenotype of the peripheral blood NK cells was studied by flow cytometry. It was found that disturbances in the cell subset composition in patients with post-COVID syndrome were characterized by low levels of mature (p=0.001) and cytotoxic NK cells (p=0.013), with increased release of immature NK cells (p=0.023). Functional deficiency of NK cells in post-COVID syndrome was characterized by lowered cytotoxic activity due to the decreased count of CD57+ (p=0.001) and CD8+ (p <0.001) NK cells. In the treatment of patients with post-COVID syndrome with recombinant human interleukin-2, peripheral blood NK cell count and functional potential were restored. In general, the effectiveness of using recombinant human interleukin in treatment of post-COVID syndrome has been proven in patients with low levels of NK cells.
This article is a translation of the article by Savchenko AA, Kudryavtsev IV, Isakov DV, Sadowski IS, Belenyuk VD, Borisov AG. Recombinant Human Interleukin-2 Corrects NK Cell Phenotype and Functional Activity in Patients with Post-COVID Syndrome. Pharmaceuticals. 2023;16(4):537. DOI: 10.3390/ph16040537
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