Paragenetic analysis of the recent fault network in Central Altai

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Geomorphological survey revealed a network of the recently active faults that control the formation of main features of the modern relief in the central part of the Altai Mountains. A paragenetic analysis of the identified latest faults has been performed. The result of the paragenetic analysis with reconstruction of three stress fields turned out to satisfy the formal reliability criteria. In general, the results of the paragenetic analysis confirm the preliminary conclusion about the formation of the fault network of the Central Altai in three dynamic settings made after the implementation of the first stage. They made it possible to construct schemes of faults active in each of the three reconstructed stress fields. Judging by the results of the analysis, the rock massif of the central part of the Altai Mountains is at the third stage of destruction, when individual faults are connected into a complete fault network with a characteristic structural pattern, and the earth’s crust is broken into a system of blocks contacting along faults. The block subdivision of the Central Altai is formed by a system of faults forming an ensemble of a right-lateral strike-slip dislocation. As the scale of the studies increases, the number of identified faults increases as well. On the regional neotectonics maps of 1:1,000,000 scale only major ridges and depressions are expressed in the relief as boundaries of large blocks. A network of faults outlining blocks within the ridges and depressions is identified on neotectonic maps of 1:50,000 scale. In the central part of the Altai Mountains, the fault network follows the lower-level hierarchical structural patterns and orographic structure of the Greater Altai, e. g., northwestern right-lateral strike-slip faults, sublatitudinal reverse faults, and extension zones with a predominant submeridional extension. Paragenetic analysis resulted in a reliable reconstruction of the kinematic characteristics of the most recent faults of the Central Altai based on their position in the structural ensemble. The obtained schemes and settings of the recent faults can serve as a foundation for further discussion about the nature and mechanisms of crustal destruction in the region using seismological, GPS-geodetic and other materials.

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作者简介

I. Novikov

Sobolev Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: novikov@igm.nsc.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Novosibirsk

K. Seminsky

Institute of the Earth’s Crust SB RAS

Email: seminsky@crust.irk.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Irkutsk

A. Krivov

Novosibirsk Higher Military Command School of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

Email: krivov_ka@mail.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Novosibirsk

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2. Fig. 1. The position of the studied area in the neotectonic structure of the Altai Mountains. Cenozoict faults (according to Novikov et al., 2014) with modifications: 1 – right strike-slip faults and strike-slip reverse faults, 2 – reverse faults, 3 – normal faults; 4 – territory of paragenetic analysis.

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3. Fig. 2. Tectonophysical foundations of paragenetic analysis at the fault zones (using the example of dextral strike-slip): (a) – generalized diagram illustrating the sets of echelon fractures that form in a fault zone during simple shear [according to (Tchalenko, 1970; Wilcox et al., 1973; Harding, 1974; Sherman et al., 1983; Hancock, 1985; Naylor et al., 1986; Sylvester, 1988; Kim et al., 2004; et al.)]: Y, Rʹ, R и Р – strike-slip faults; nʹ и n – normal faults; tʹ и t – reverse faults; (б) – scheme of the formation of the internal structure of the fault zone. Main stages of faulting correspond to three segments of the ‘load (σ) vs deformation (ε)’ curve (Seminsky, 2014; 2015). 1 – sites with various quantities of fractures per square unit; 2 – main fault plane (fracture of the 1st order); fractures of the 2st order: 3 – strike-slip faults, 4 – normal faults, 5 – thrusts.

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4. Fig. 3. Faults identified during large-scale geomorphological mapping and identification of their systems on a rose diagram.

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5. Fig. 4. Reconstruction of the conditions for the formation of a network of faults based on paragenetic analysis of their systems using reference stencils for zones of right shear (а), compression (б), extension (в) and left shear (г). Elements of reference parageneses of ruptures in fault zones of normal fault, reverse fault, right and left shear, according to (Seminsky, 2014): 1–2 – different types of 2nd order faults in parageneses of shear zones; 3–5 – shear zones, fault and reverse fault 1st order; 6 – horizontal and vertical positions of the compression (a) and tensile (б) stress axes; 7 – rose diagram of fault strikes in the study area.

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6. Fig. 5. Results of identifying fault systems that differ in orientation and kinematics of movements, which is reflected in the scheme of the research area (fig. 3): (а) – diagram of the strikes of the 12 identified systems (color shows the division of faults by kinematic types: blue – right-lateral strike-slip faults and reverse-slip faults, red – reverse faults and thrust faults, purple – normal faults and thrust faults); (б) – rose diagrams of the strikes of faults of different kinematic types, on the basis of which the diagram.

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7. Fig. 6. Separation of faults in the study area according to the dynamic conditions of their formation: (а) – standard stencils of 2nd order discontinuities for the three main dynamic conditions of fault formation in the study area and superimposed on them are rose diagrams of discontinuities of the kinematics that in each of the dynamic conditions corresponds to the kinematics of the 1st order zone; (б) – diagram of the strikes of fault systems, among which those that are active in the dynamic setting under consideration are marked with a thick line; (в) – fault patterns of the study area that are active in the dynamic setting under consideration. 1–5 – elements of reference stencils; 6 – horizontal and vertical positions of the compression (a) and tensile (б) stress axes; 7 – lines of strike of fault systems, inactive (a) and active (б) in the dynamic setting under consideration; 8 – rose diagram of fault strikes; 9 – stress tensor (line – strike of the 1st order zone). The elements of fig. are colored (а–в), related to faults of different kinematic types: blue – for right-lateral strike-slip faults and reverse-slip faults, red – for reverse faults, purple – for normal faults.

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8. Fig. 7. Newest faults in the central part of Gorny Altai based on the results of paragenetic analysis. 1 – right strike-slip faults and strike-slip reverse faults, 2 – reverse faults and thrust faults, 3 – normal faults and thrust faults.

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