The Origin and Affinities of the Tagar People: A View from Half a Century Later

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Abstract

To revise the origins and external relationships of the Tagar population (800–300 BC) nearly half a century after my book (1977), 36 male Tagar cranial samples were compared with 117 samples representing other periods and regions using multivariate statistical methods. To date, the principal contenders for the role of Tagar ancestors are the Andronovans, whose key role is supported by genetic facts. The pre-Andronovo substratum was likely represented by the Chaa-Khol’ people of Tuva and the Yelunino people of the Upper Ob. The Karasuk tribes do not appear to have taken part in Tagar origins. Among the neighbors of the Tagar people, the closest to them are the Pazyryk people of the Ursul, Altai, and certain Sagly people of Aimyrlyg, Tuva. Judging by the dates, those groups resulted from a southward migration of certain Tagar populations at the Saragash stage. Since the Chaa-Khol’ people, as I showed previously, were extremely close to Scythians of the steppes, and among the Tagar people, to those of the Saragash stage, it appears that the Saragash people or their descendants had migrated not merely to the Altai-Sayan region but also much further west – to the Eastern European steppes. The archaic Scythian culture, which preceded this migration, may have spread along the same route, but by way of diffusion.

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Alexander G. Kozintsev

Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: alexanderkozintsev@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0165-8109

д. и. н., главный научный сотрудник

Russian Federation, 3 University Emb., St. Petersburg, 199034

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2. Fig. 1. The position of the centroids of the male craniological series of the Tagar and earlier cultures of Southern Siberia and Central Asia on the plane of non-metric multidimensional scaling of the generalized distance matrix (D2c). The numbers of the series correspond to the list in the text. Straight lines are the edges of the minimum spanning tree, showing the shortest path between points on the plane. a - Okunev, b - pre-Andronovo western gravitation, c - Andronovo, g - Karasuk, d - Tagar. Groupings identified based on the archaeological principle (shown as dashed-dotted ovals and spots): I - Okunev; II - pre-Andronovo western gravitation and Andronovo, except for Elovka II (No. 53); III - Karasuk; IV - Tagar, except for the Lower Abakan group (No. 16) and Tepsey IX (No. 28); V – averaged Andronovo groups: Fedorovskaya (No. 56) and Alakulskaya (No. 60); VI – averaged Karasuk: “classical” (No. 61), Kamennolozhskaya (No. 62) and “atypical” (No. 63); VII – averaged Tagar: Podgornovskaya (No. 1), Bidzhinskaya (No. 2) and Saragashenskaya (No. 3).

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3. Fig. 2. The position of the centroids of the male craniological series of the Tagar and contemporary cultures of Central and Middle Asia on the plane of non-metric multidimensional scaling of the generalized distance matrix (D2c). For designations, see the caption to Fig. 1. a – Tagar series; b – series from Tuva, Mongolia, Altai; c – series from Eastern and Central Kazakhstan, the Tien Shan region; g – series from Pamir-Alay; d – series from the Southern Aral Sea region, Southern Urals and Lower Volga region. The light spot indicates the area of ​​variability of the Tagar groups, except for the Lower Abakan (No. 16) and Tepsey IX (No. 28), the dark spot – the averaged Tagar groups (Nos. 1–3).

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4. Fig. 3. Position of the centroids of male craniological series of the Tagar, Scythian and Pre-Scythian cultures on the plane of non-metric multidimensional scaling of the matrix of generalized distances (D2c). a – Tagar, b – steppe Scythian, c – forest-steppe Scythian, d – Pre-Scythian. For designations, see the captions to Figs. 1, 2.

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5. Fig. 4. Generalized difference indicators (D2c) of the Chaakhol series from Aimyrlyg from the combined Tagar series of different stages and from the combined Scythian series from the steppe. In the latter case, the difference indicator adjusted for the number is negative, i.e. the difference is less than its error.

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