Seasonal and multi-year dynamics of soil moisture in meadow-chernozem soils (Oka-Don lowland)

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Abstract

The observed climate changes and increasing groundwater levels in the forest-steppe region should be reflected in the water regime of the Gleyic Chernozem soils. This article analyzes the daily and seasonal dynamics of volumetric moisture in background Gleyic Chernozem (Siltic, Pachic) and two arable Gleyic Chernozem soils (Siltic, Aric, Pachic), as well as the level of groundwater in the Tokarevsky district of the Tambov region during the period from autumn 2022 to summer 2023. The obtained data is compared with regime observations of volumetric moisture and groundwater levels of these soils from 1969–1971. The use of automated monitoring systems for soil moisture and groundwater levels has allowed for continuous data collection on soil moisture, assessment of the diurnal dynamics, and detailed tracking of seasonal changes in soil moisture. The background chernozem soil is characterized by higher moisture levels compared to arable soils; the upper horizons of cultivated soils are characterized by a higher frequency of wetting-drying periods and a shorter continuous duration of these periods – which is confirmed both by moisture monitoring data and by the morphological features of the soils, such as the form of carbonate neoformations and the depth of their detection. During the observation period in 2022–2023, the meadow-chernozem soils were relatively dry, despite the higher than normal annual precipitation. Moisture levels conducive to wilting in the top 20 cm layer of cultivated soils were established from March 2023, and in the background soil from the end of April 2023. Periods with humidity exceeding the minimum moisture capacity within the entire 60 cm depth were not observed during the entire observation period. The soils were drier than in the dry year of 1972, when the humidity was less than the wilting point in the upper part of the profile from June to September. In the wet years of 1969–1970, the humidity did not drop below the wilting point in the upper 20 cm layer throughout the observation period. The main reason for this difference in humidity is the change in the level of groundwater: in 2022–2023, the majority of the groundwater was more than 4 m deep, whereas in 1969 it did not go deeper than 2 m and in 1971 – deeper than 4 m. As a result, the soil’s uptake of moisture through capillary action did not occur in 2022–2023, and the water regime of the meadow-chernozem soils more closely resembled the water regime of chernozems.

About the authors

M. A. Smirnova

Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute; Lomonosov Moscow State University

Author for correspondence.
Email: summerija@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5256-4348
Moscow, 119017; Moscow, 119999

D. R. Bardashov

Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute; Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: summerija@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0007-2425-1911
Russian Federation, Moscow, 119017; Moscow, 119999

P. P. Fil

Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute

Email: summerija@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9851-5381
Russian Federation, Moscow, 119017

N. I. Lozbenev

Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute

Email: summerija@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0377-3124
Russian Federation, Moscow, 119017

A. V. Dobrokhotov

Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute; Agrophysical Research Institute

Email: summerija@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9368-6229
Russian Federation, Moscow, 119017; St. Petersburg, 195220

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3. Fig. 1. Location of the study area (a) – within the forest-steppe (the boundaries of the forest-steppe are given according to [31]; (b) – location of the site within the undrained terrain type of the Oka-Don Lowland; (c) – space image indicating the location of monitoring points; (d) – relief of the site indicating monitoring points).

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4. Fig. 2. Soils of the study area.

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5. Fig. 3. Dynamics of moisture and groundwater table monitoring in meadow-chernozem soils during the monitoring period from 01.10.2022 to 09.01.2024. The upper part of the figure shows precipitation and temperature during the period under review, and the dynamics of the indicators for individual soils (sections 1–3) is below. For each of the soils, the upper figure: chronoisopleths show the values ​​of volumetric moisture (%), the color background with shading shows the values ​​of soil-hydrological constants, and the italicized values ​​of volumetric moisture for soil-hydrological constants; the lower figure shows the groundwater level. Soil-hydrological constants: TC – total moisture capacity, LC – least moisture capacity, CBR – capillary break moisture, defined as 0.7CBR; WL – wilting point moisture; MG – maximum hygroscopicity.

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6. Fig. 4. Chronoisopleths of humidity differences between adjacent observation periods in the 20–40 cm layer for the period 10.14.2022–10.07.2023.

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