Biofilms as a presumed basic form of microorganisms existence: modern concepts

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Abstract

The review analyzes current information on the processes of formation of microbial biofilms, both fixed on biotic and abiotic surfaces, and arising as a result of autoaggregation and coaggregation in the thickness of the liquid. The physicochemical phenomena occurring during recognition of the phase boundary surface by microorganism cells are described in detail. The components of the extracellular polymer matrix of biofilms, the regulation of their formation, the structural significance for the architecture of biofilms and the protective role when exposed to biocides (including antibiotics) and other adverse environmental factors are described in detail. Approaches to managing the formation of microbial biofilms are considered. A new scheme for the formation of microbial biofilms proposed in the literature, including three stages instead of five, is analyzed.

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About the authors

V. K. Plakunov

Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: aegopodium102011@gmail.com

S. N. Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology

Russian Federation, Moscow, 119071

M. V. Zhurina

Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: aegopodium102011@gmail.com

S. N. Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology

Russian Federation, Moscow, 119071

S. V. Martyanov

Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: aegopodium102011@gmail.com

S. N. Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology

Russian Federation, Moscow, 119071

A. V. Gannesen

Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: aegopodium102011@gmail.com

S. N. Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology

Russian Federation, Moscow, 119071

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2. Fig. 1. Structural formulas of tyrosol ((2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-ethanol) and farnesol (3,7,11-trimethyldodeca-2,6,10-trien-1-ol) (according to Rodrigues, Černáková, 2020).

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3. Fig. 2. Stages of microbial biofilm development. The first stage: auto- or co-aggregation of bacteria, or attachment to the external (biotic/abiotic) surface; the second stage: growth and maturation of the biofilm due to proliferation (and capture) of cells, as well as biosynthesis of VPM; the third stage: dispersion of the biofilm in the form of fragments or individual bacteria, including for the purpose of populating a new living space or for inclusion in new aggregates (according to Sauer et al., 2022, with modifications).

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