Studying the Feasibility of Creating Anisotropic Highly Hydrophobic Polymer Surfaces by Ion-Track Technology

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Abstract

In the last two decades, the creation and research of superhydrophobic nanomaterials based on the “lotus effect” have attracted great interest. The effect is caused by the heterogeneous wetting of rough surfaces, when the grooves of a rough surface are filled with air (vapour) and water only contacts the tops of the protrusions. The drop forms a sphere on the surface and, if slightly inclined, rolls down and picks up the dirt particles. A wide variety of methods have been developed to produce such materials, among which potential of the ion track technology (ITT) is being explored. The aim of this research was to investigate the wettability of surface microrelief using two materials with different initial hydrophobicity degrees. By modifying the surface of polycarbonate and polypropylene films using the ITT, the samples with water contact angles of 140 ± 5° and 151 ± 5° at maximum, respectively, were obtained. It is shown that such angles are characteristic of microrelief, where the fraction f of the surface that is in contact with the droplet is decreased to the range 0 < f < 0.3. In order to increase the probability of droplets rolling down the material surface in a certain direction, the materials with inclined microrelief were obtained. In this case, the wettability becomes anisotropic. The droplet loses its spherical shape, deforming in the direction of inclination of needle-like surface elements. It was found that the anisotropy of wettability is higher at an inclination angle of the relief elements of 45° than that at 30° (relative to the flat surface).

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M. A. Kuvaytseva

Объединенный институт ядерных исследований

Author for correspondence.
Email: kuvaytseva@jinr.ru
Russian Federation, Дубна

P. Yu. Apel

Объединенный институт ядерных исследований

Email: kuvaytseva@jinr.ru
Russian Federation, Дубна

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2. Fig. 1. Geometry of track etching in homogeneous material with high (a) and low (b) selectivity [29]. The shape of the depression formed during track etching is determined by the ratio of the velocities of etching along the track (VT) and etching of the intact material (VB), as well as the particle's path length in the material. R is the ion run in the material, φ is the angle at the apex of the etched cone (determined by the value of etch selectivity φ = 2 arcsin V). In case (a) the angle φ is taken negligibly small

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3. Fig. 2. Formation of rough surfaces and their gradual evolution during etching of a perpendicular track array with high (a) and low (b) selectivity of etching. The notations are explained in the text

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4. Fig. 3. Formation of rough surfaces during etching of an inclined track array with high (a) and low (b) selectivity of etching

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5. Fig. 4. a) methods of measuring edge angles, top view (the arrow indicates the horizontal projection of the sample relief direction); b) measured angles on the anisotropic polymer surface at the second measurement method: θL - CG on the left, θR - CG on the right

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6. Fig. 5. Characteristics of reliefs obtained by etching of polycarbonate irradiated at 90° (a, b) and 45° (c, d). a, c) dependences of edge angles on etching time (smooth curves are drawn by hand); b, d) dependences of the fraction of the remaining surface on etching time: 1 - experimental data, 2 - approximating curves plotted at VB = (2.15 ± 0.16) × 10-6 (b) and (1.79 ± 0.18) × 10-6 cm/min (d). Two standard deviations for the VB value are indicated here and in the caption of Fig. 8. The graph (c) shows the CG values on the left (1) and on the right (2)

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7. Fig. 6. Electron photographs of microstructured surfaces obtained by etching polycarbonate irradiated with ions at an angle of 45° for: 10 (a), 20 (b), 30 (c) and 40 (d) min. Scale feature size 10 μm (a-d)

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8. Fig. 7. Photograph of a drop on an anisotropic polycarbonate surface. In the upper part of the image one can see the end of the needle, relative to which the drop spontaneously moved to the left

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9. Fig. 8. Characteristics of reliefs obtained by etching polypropylene irradiated at 45° (a, b) and 30° (c, d). a, c) dependences of edge angles on etching time. Smooth curves are drawn by hand. The graphs show CG values on the left (1) and on the right (2). b, d) dependences of the fraction of the remaining surface on the etching time: 1 - experimental data, 2 - approximating curves plotted at VB = (4.98 ± 0.22) × 10-6 (b) and (4.98 ± 0.28) × 10-6 cm/min (d)

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10. Fig. 9. Electron photographs of microstructured surfaces obtained by etching polypropylene irradiated at 45° (a-d) and 30° (e-h). Etching times: 20 (a), 30 (e), 40 (b, f), 50 (g), 60 (c), 75 (d) and 80 (h) min. a-d) images of spalling; e-h) frontal surfaces. Scale bar size 20 µm (a-d) and 10 µm (e-h)

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11. Fig. 10. Electron micrographs of non-irradiated polycarbonate (a) and polypropylene (b) chemically etched for 20 min. The samples are tilted at an angle of 45° to the electron beam

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12. Fig. 11. A section of polycarbonate film with parallel ‘track’ channels. Track density 2 × 104 cm-2

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13. Fig. 12. Profile of the left and right sides of the lower part of the drop on a surface having needle-like roughness elements

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