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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокины и воспаление</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1684-7849</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">704942</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CI704942</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Clinical Characteristics of Recurrent Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps in Th2-Mediated Allergic Inflammation: Development of Approaches for Targeted Therapy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клинические особенности рецидивирующего полипозного риносинусита при Th2- опосредованном аллергическом воспалении: разработка подходов для таргетной терапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5402-273X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">59501433200</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">X-5114-2018</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1157-4371</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pestova</surname><given-names>Rimma M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пестова</surname><given-names>Римма Маратовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>assistant of the Department of otorhinolaryngology with CPD course, ENT doctor of surgical department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры оториноларингологии с курсом ИДПО, врач оториноларинголог хирургического отделения</p></bio><email>aisha_prm@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8764-2334</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6507531380</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aznabaeva</surname><given-names>Liliya F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Азнабаева</surname><given-names>Лилия Фаритовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Рrofessor of the Department of otorhinolaryngology with CPD course, physician of clinical laboratory diagnostics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, профессор кафедры оториноларингологии с курсом ИДПО, врач клинической лабораторной диагностики</p></bio><email>aznabaeva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-8469</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">23499031100</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savelieva</surname><given-names>Elena E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савельева</surname><given-names>Елена Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Assosiate professor, the Head of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент, заведующая кафедрой оториноларингологии</p></bio><email>surdolog@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Bashkir State Medical University" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Ufa, Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Башкирский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Republican Clinical Hospital n.a. G.G. Kuvatov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Республиканская клиническая больница им. Г.Г. Куватова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Bashkir State Medical University" of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Ufa, Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">1Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Башкирский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-01"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-15"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Pestova R.M., Aznabaeva L.F., Savelieva E.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Пестова Р.М., Азнабаева Л.Ф., Савельева Е.Е.</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pestova R.M., Aznabaeva L.F., Savelieva E.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пестова Р.М., Азнабаева Л.Ф., Савельева Е.Е.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-05-27"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/704942">https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/704942</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>BACKGROUND: </italic></bold>Recurrent chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (RCRSwNP) is characterized by the formation of inflammatory secretions (mucin) of varying consistency within the paranasal sinuses, which influences disease severity and treatment outcomes. Although the role of the Th2 inflammatory pathway is well established, the specific contribution of IL-4 and IL-13 to the development of distinct mucin phenotypes and treatment resistance remains insufficiently elucidated.</p> <p><bold><italic>AIM:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>To identify the features of Th2 cytokine regulation (IL-4 and IL-13) in patients with recurrent chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in order to develop approaches to personalized therapy.</p> <p><bold><italic>METHODS:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>A prospective single-center study included 113 participants: 83 patients with bilateral RCRSwNP who had undergone preventive anti-inflammatory therapy and 30 healthy controls. Patients were stratified according to mucin phenotype (watery vs. dense mucin). Clinical parameters and paranasal sinus CT findings were assessed. Levels of IL-4 and IL-13 in maxillary sinus lavage fluids were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Rhinocytological examination was performed, and results were compared with mycological analysis and measurement of specific IgE and IgG antibodies to <italic>Candida</italic> and <italic>Aspergillus</italic><italic>.</italic> Outcomes of targeted therapy were evaluated in patients resistant to standard treatment.</p> <p><bold><italic>RESULTS:</italic></bold><italic> </italic>Two mucin phenotypes were identified: watery (n = 43) and dense (n = 40). Patients with dense mucin demonstrated more extensive polypoid disease on CT (p=0,000031), a higher prevalence of osteitis (p = 0.0132), more frequent intense intraoperative bleeding (p = 0.0005), and a tendency toward more frequent comorbidity with bronchial asthma (p = 0.0556; χ² = 3.6647). Fungi of the genera <italic>Candida</italic> and <italic>Aspergillus</italic><italic> </italic>were detected in 74.7% of patients (n = 62), comparable to healthy controls (83.3%, n = 25; p = 0.4781). <italic>Candida</italic> carriage was associated with the formation of specific IgG and IgE antibodies; however, sensitization levels did not exceed class I–II. No clinically significant levels of specific IgG or IgE to <italic>Aspergillus</italic> were detected in any group. IL-4 concentrations were significantly higher in patients with dense mucin (p &lt; 0.05). IL-13 levels were significantly elevated in the dense mucin group (p&lt;0,05) and correlated with clinical severity (p &lt; 0.05). Targeted therapy with dupilumab demonstrated high efficacy (p = 0.0077).</p> <p><bold><italic>CONCLUSION: </italic></bold>Dense mucin in RCRSwNP is associated with elevated IL-4 and IL-13 levels, more severe clinical presentation, and resistance to standard therapy. IL-13 appears to play a leading role in the formation of the pathological mucin phenotype and mucosal remodeling. These findings support the rationale for targeted biological therapy in patients with dense mucin. Further multicenter studies with larger sample sizes are required to validate these results.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold><bold> </bold>Рецидивирующий полипозный риносинусит (РПРС) сопровождается формированием воспалительного секрета (муцина) различной консистенции в околоносовых пазух (ОНП), что влияет на тяжесть течения заболевания и исходы лечения. Несмотря на установленную значимость Th2-пути воспаления, определение роли IL-4 и IL-13 в формировании характера воспалительного секрета (муцинового фенотипа) и резистентности к терапии остаются недостаточно изученными.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Выявление особенностей цитокиновой регуляции Тh2-пути воспаления (IL-4, IL-13) у больных рецидивирующим полипозным риносинуситом с целью разработки подходов к персонализированной терапии.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Проведено проспективное одноцентровое исследование с участием 113 человек: 83 пациента с двусторонним РПРС, прошедшие противовоспалительную терапию, и 30 практически здоровых лиц. Среди пациентов выделены группы в зависимости от муцинового фенотипа: с жидким и густым муцином. Оценивались клинические показатели, данные КТ ОНП. Определяли уровни IL-4 и IL-13 в промывных жидкостях верхнечелюстных пазух методом ИФА. Проводили риноцитологическое исследование, сопоставление результатов микологического анализа и определения специфических IgE и IgG к грибам рода Candida и Aspergillus. Оценивали результаты таргетной терапии у пациентов, резистентных к стандартным методам лечения.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Было выявлено 2 типа муцинового фенотипа: жидкий (n=43) и густой муцин (n=40). У пациентов с густым муцином по данным КТ полипозный процесс был более распространенным (p=0,000031), чаще сопровождался остеитом (p=0,0132), характеризовался интенсивным интраоперационным кровотечением (p=0,0005) и тенденцией к более частому сочетанию с бронхиальной астмой (p = 0.0556; χ² = 3.6647). У больных РПРС в основном выявлялись грибы рода Candida и Aspergillus – в 74,7% случаев (n=62), что не отличалось от данных ПЗЛ – 83,3% (n=25) (p=0,4781). Носительство грибов рода Candida сопровождалось формированием специфического антительного ответа (IgG и IgE). Оценка иммунного реагирования у носителей грибов Aspergillus не выявила клинически значимого уровня образования специфических антител (IgG и IgE). Концентрация IL-4 была выше у пациентов с густым муцином (p&lt;0,05). Уровень IL-13 достоверно повышался у пациентов с густым муцином (p&lt;0,05) и коррелировал с клинической картиной (p&lt;0,05), при этом таргетная терапия дупилумабом оказалась высокоэффективной (p=0,0077).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Густой муцин при РПРС связан с повышенными уровнями IL-4 и IL-13, более тяжелым клиническим течением и резистентностью к стандартной терапии. IL-13 играет ведущую роль в формировании патологического муцинового фенотипа и ремоделировании слизистой оболочки. Полученные данные обосновывают целесообразность применения таргетных препаратов у пациентов с густым муцином. Результаты требуют подтверждения в многоцентровых исследованиях с большей выборкой.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nasal polyps</kwd><kwd>immunoglobulin E</kwd><kwd>interleukin-4</kwd><kwd>interleukin-13</kwd><kwd>dupilumab</kwd><kwd>targeted therapy</kwd><kwd>mucin</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>полипозный риносинусит</kwd><kwd>иммуноглобулин E</kwd><kwd>интерлейкин-4</kwd><kwd>интерлейкин-13</kwd><kwd>дупилумаб</kwd><kwd>таргетная терапия</kwd><kwd>муцин</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Fokkens, W. J., Lund, V. J., Hopkins, C, et al. European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020. Rhinology journal. 2020;0(0):1-464. https://doi.org/10.4193/rhin20.600</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2.	Stevens WW, Peters AT, Tan BK, et al. 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