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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокины и воспаление</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1684-7849</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">701112</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CI701112</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PJNRRZ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">What is the immunome?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Что такое иммуном?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9981-4762</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8523-5018</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Toptygina</surname><given-names>Anna P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Топтыгина</surname><given-names>Анна Павловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>toptyginaanna@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский научно-исследовательский институт эпидемиологии и микробиологии им. Г.Н. Габричевского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>11</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-16"><day>16</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-06"><day>06</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Toptygina A.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Топтыгина А.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Toptygina A.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Топтыгина А.П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-08-04"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/701112">https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/701112</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Advances in Immunology have led to the understanding that the immune system is not only involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases but also plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis and tissue repair. It mediates interactions between the organism and dietary as well as environmental antigens, supports pregnancy, and enables coexistence with the microbiota, highlighting its role as an integrative system of the body.</p> <p>This review examines the term immunome in both narrow and broad senses, describes key achievements of the Human Immunome Project, and discusses the advantages of this approach for studying the immune system. Initially, the term immunome referred to the repertoire of rearranged antibody genes, as well as T- and B-cell antigen receptors (TCR and BCR). The AIRR-seq technology has been developed for the collection and analysis of adaptive immune receptor repertoires. Knowledge of TCR and BCR repertoires can be applied to the development of modern vaccines against highly dangerous pathogens, rapid vaccine design in response to emerging pathogens, and the creation of personalized vaccines for elderly individuals and specific patient groups. An example of successful application of immunome research in the narrow sense is the development of a Russian drug for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. With substantial advances in immunology and biotechnology, the concept of the immunome has expanded. In its broader definition, the immunome includes not only immunocompetent cells, their receptors, and the molecules they produce, but also nonimmune cells and molecules involved in regulating immune responses, as well as the microenvironment in which immune reactions occur. Studies identifying changes in immune cell phenotypes, receptors, transcripts, cytokines, and their associations with disease activity or subtype provide valuable insights. However, their fragmented nature complicates the identification of the pathogenic role of individual factors.</p> <p>Comprehensive analysis of the immunome facilitates the understanding of immunopathogenesis, the discovery of biomarkers for various diseases, patient stratification, and personalized therapy selection. The extreme complexity of the immunome and its internal interactions necessitates the use of advanced mathematical modeling, bioinformatics, computational tools, and rapidly developing artificial intelligence technologies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Развитие иммунологии привело к пониманию того, что иммунная система не только вовлечена в патогенез различных заболеваний, но и участвует в поддержании гомеостаза и репарации органов и тканей. Она опосредует взаимодействие организма с антигенами пищи и окружающей среды, обеспечивает вынашивание плода и сосуществование с микробиотой, что привело к осознанию роли иммунной системы как интегрирующей системы организма.</p> <p>В настоящем обзоре рассматривается значение термина «иммуном» в узком и широком смысле, описаны достижения исследований в рамках проекта «Иммуном человека», а также обсуждаются преимущества данного подхода к изучению иммунной системы. Первоначально термином «иммуном» определяли совокупность перестроенных генов антител, а также Т- и В-клеточных антигенных рецепторов (TCR и BCR). Для сбора и анализа информации о репертуаре адаптивных иммунных рецепторов разработана технология AIRR-seq. Знание о репертуаре TCR и BCR может использоваться как для разработки современных вакцин против особо опасных патогенов, так и для быстрой разработки вакцин при появлении новых патогенов и для создания персонифицированных вакцин для пожилых людей и особых групп пациентов. Примером успешного использования исследования иммунома в узком смысле слова является разработка отечественного препарата для лечения болезни Бехтерева. В результате значительного прогресса в области иммунологии и биотехнологии в понятие «иммуном» стали вкладывать более широкий смысл. Расширенное определение иммунома включает не только иммунокомпетентные клетки, их рецепторы и различные ими синтезируемые молекулы, но и любые «неиммунные» клетки и молекулы, участвующие в регуляции иммунных ответов, а также микроокружение — среду, в которой происходят иммунные реакции. Исследования, выявляющие изменения в фенотипах иммунокомпетентных клеток, рецепторах, транскриптах, цитокинах и их ассоциации с активностью или подтипом заболевания, несут важную информацию. Однако их разрозненность затрудняет вычленение патогенной роли отдельных факторов.</p> <p>Комплексное исследование иммунома способствует расшифровке иммунопатогенеза заболеваний, поиску биомаркёров при различных патологиях для стратификации пациентов и персонифицированного подбора терапии. Чрезвычайная сложность иммунома и его внутренних взаимосвязей требует применения передовых методов математического моделирования, биоинформатики, других вычислительных инструментов и активно развивающихся технологий искусственного интеллекта.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>immunome</kwd><kwd>review</kwd><kwd>T-cell receptor</kwd><kwd>B-cell receptor</kwd><kwd>immunity</kwd><kwd>antibodies</kwd><kwd>next-generation vaccines</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>иммуном</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd><kwd>Т-клеточный рецептор</kwd><kwd>В-клеточный рецептор</kwd><kwd>иммунитет</kwd><kwd>антитела</kwd><kwd>вакцины нового поколения</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1000 Genomes Project Consortium; Abecasis GR, Auton A, Brooks LD, et al. An integrated map of genetic variation from 1,092 human genomes. 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