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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокины и воспаление</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1684-7849</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">699662</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CI699662</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">QMOQKQ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Targeting inflammation in atherosclerosis: prospects and limitations</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Антивоспалительная терапия атеросклероза: перспективы и ограничения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5321-8834</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9303-9445</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tanyanskiy</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Танянский</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>dmitry.athero@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1613-0654</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7496-1449</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Denisenko</surname><given-names>Alexander D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Денисенко</surname><given-names>Александр Дорофеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>add@iem.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5906-6771</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8636-4271</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pigarevsky</surname><given-names>Peter V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пигаревский</surname><given-names>Пётр Валерьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук</p></bio><email>pigarevsky@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт экспериментальной медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-12-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>154</fpage><lpage>163</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-26"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-29"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Tanyanskiy D.A., Denisenko A.D., Pigarevsky P.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Танянский Д.А., Денисенко А.Д., Пигаревский П.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tanyanskiy D.A., Denisenko A.D., Pigarevsky P.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Танянский Д.А., Денисенко А.Д., Пигаревский П.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-03-24"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/699662">https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/699662</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Despite the effective measures of hypolipidemic and hypotensive therapy, the management of metabolic disorders, and smoking control, many patients are still at risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases remain the leading causes of mortality. In order to address this issue, efforts are being made to manage the residual risk of cardiovascular events, particularly by suppressing inflammation in the vascular wall. Anti-inflammatory therapies currently tested in clinical trials lead to a certain reduction in the risk of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations. However, some studies show that this therapy may also increase the risk of fatal infections. Moreover, suppressing inflammation in the vessel wall may slow down the removal of cholesterol, which could be considered a potential drawback of this treatment approach.</p> <p>This review investigates the involvement of various inflammatory factors in the development of atherosclerosis, both at the early and late stages, provides clinical evidence on the association between inflammation and atherogenesis and the effect of anti-inflammatory therapies in preventing the development of atherosclerotic complications. Based on these findings, we analyze the potential prospects and limitations of anti-inflammatory medications in atherosclerosis treatment. The review also explores promising alternative approaches targeting the immune system as means of atherosclerosis management and prevention of its complications.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Несмотря на применяемые эффективные меры гиполипидемической и гипотензивной терапии, коррекцию метаболических нарушений и борьбу с курением, у многих пациентов сохраняется риск прогрессирования атеросклероза, а сердечно-сосудистые заболевания по-прежнему занимают первое место в структуре причин смертности населения. В связи с этим предпринимаются попытки воздействия на остаточный, или «резидуальный», риск развития сосудистых катастроф, в частности путём подавления воспалительного процесса в сосудистой стенке.</p> <p>Антивоспалительная терапия, применяемая в настоящее время преимущественно на стадии клинических испытаний, приводит к некоторому снижению риска прогрессирования атеросклероза и развития его клинических проявлений, однако, по данным ряда исследований, сопровождается повышением риска возникновения тяжёлых инфекций. Кроме того, не исключено, что подавление воспалительного процесса в сосудистой стенке может приводить к замедлению удаления из неё холестерина, что также следует рассматривать в качестве недостатка данного терапевтического подхода.</p> <p>В связи с этим в указанном обзоре рассмотрены вопросы участия иммунных клеток и цитокинов в развитии атеросклероза на ранних и поздних стадиях, приведены клинические данные о связи воспаления с атерогенезом, а также о результатах применения антивоспалительной терапии в профилактике прогрессирования атеросклероза и развития его осложнений. На основе этого проведён анализ возможных перспектив и ограничений терапии атеросклероза с использованием антивоспалительных препаратов. Кроме того, в обзоре рассмотрены перспективные альтернативные способы воздействия на иммунную систему с целью лечения атеросклероза и профилактики его осложнений.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>anti-inflammatory therapy</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атеросклероз</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>антивоспалительная терапия</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>FGWG-2025-0007</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was part of state assignment “Molecular and cellular mechanisms of involvement of macrophages in regulation of endothelial function at different stages of atherosclerotic lesion formation,” code No. FGWG-2025-0007.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания «Молекулярно-клеточные механизмы участия макрофагов в регуляции функции эндотелия на разных этапах формирования атеросклеротических поражений», шифр № FGWG-2025-0007.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Matskeplishvili S, Kontsevaya A. 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