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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокины и воспаление</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1684-7849</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">699067</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CI699067</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UVBMWJ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of the oligodeoxynucleotide μ-ODN4084-F with anti-inflammatory properties on the development of opposite variants of chronic graft-versus-host disease in the semi-allogeneic DBA/2 → (C57BL/6 × DBA/2)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние олигодезоксинуклеотида μ-ODN4084-F с антивоспалительными свойствами на развитие оппозитных вариантов хронической реакции «трансплантат против хозяина» в полуаллогенной системе DBA/2 → (C57BL/6×DBA/2)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9341-1997</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6089-5244</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volsky</surname><given-names>Nikolay N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вольский</surname><given-names>Николай Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>dtheory@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6443-6917</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6886-9372</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Goiman</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гойман</surname><given-names>Елена Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>l.goiman@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5178-5616</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2269-1820</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Demchenko</surname><given-names>Elena N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демченко</surname><given-names>Елена Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chemistry)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. хим. наук</p></bio><email>elena.demchenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2014-3397</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7062-5818</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavrilova</surname><given-names>Elena D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаврилова</surname><given-names>Елена Давидовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>edav.gavr@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт фундаментальной и клинической иммунологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-04-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-08-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>08</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>18</fpage><lpage>26</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-30"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-06"><day>06</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Volsky N.N., Goiman E.V., Demchenko E.N., Gavrilova E.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Вольский Н.Н., Гойман Е.В., Демченко Е.Н., Гаврилова Е.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volsky N.N., Goiman E.V., Demchenko E.N., Gavrilova E.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вольский Н.Н., Гойман Е.В., Демченко Е.Н., Гаврилова Е.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-08-04"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/699067">https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/699067</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:<italic> </italic></bold>The balance of helper T cells during bone marrow transplantation largely determines the development of complications that limit the effectiveness of this treatment method. The Th1/Th2 ratio determines the risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a severe complication that remains poorly responsive to therapy. The development of approaches for its specific regulation offers opportunities to influence the intensity of immune responses controlled by Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes.</p> <p><bold>AIM:<italic> </italic></bold>To investigate the efficacy of the oligodeoxynucleotide μ-ODN4084-F in modulating the Th1/Th2 lymphocyte balance in intact mice, as assessed by its effect on the development of opposite variants of chronic GVHD (cGVHD) in the semi-allogeneic DBA/2 → (C57BL/6 × DBA/2).</p> <p><bold>METHODS:<italic> </italic></bold>In an experimental model of cGVHD development, the weight and cellularity of lymphoid organs, as well as the severity of splenomegaly, were assessed over time as indicators of the intensity of Th1- and Th2-dependent immune responses. The concentration of cell-free DNA was determined using the fluorescent reagent Quant-IT™ PicoGreen for double-stranded DNA.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>It was established that μ-ODN4084-F induced a significant shift in the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2 lymphocyte activation, accompanied by the predominant development of the Th2-dependent variant of cGVHD: immune complex glomerulonephritis was detected in 85% of experimental mice after μ-ODN4084-F administration, compared with 50% in the control group. In contrast, administration of the CpG-rich oligonucleotide SD-101 PS stimulated the development of the Th1-dependent GVHD variant in 100% of animals. A comparison of groups of mice with opposite cGVHD variants obtained under the influence of both oligonucleotides showed that the mean cell-free DNA concentration in the blood of mice with the Th2-dependent variant was two times higher than that in mice with the Th1-dependent variant of cGVHD, indicating an association between this parameter and the intensity of the inflammatory process.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:<italic> </italic></bold><italic>In vivo </italic>experiments confirm the ability of the oligonucleotide μ-ODN4084-F to specifically affect the Th1/Th2 ratio under conditions of immune conflict, promoting the activation of Th2-dependent immune responses and reducing the pro-inflammatory activity of Th1 cells. Therefore, such oligonucleotides are effective agents for modulating the immune system, which may serve as a basis for developing methods for their use in both experimental research and the prevention and treatment of immune system disorders in clinical practice.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Состояние баланса Т-хелперов при трансплантации костного мозга в значительной степени обусловливает развитие осложнений, ограничивающих эффективность данного метода лечения. Соотношение Th1/Th2 определяет риск возникновения реакции «трансплантат против хозяина» (РТПХ) — тяжёлого осложнения, недостаточно поддающегося терапии. Разработка подходов к его специфической регуляции открывает возможности влияния на интенсивность иммунных реакций, находящихся под контролем Th1- и Th2-лимфоцитов.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Изучить эффективность воздействия олигодезоксинуклеотида μ-ODN4084-F на баланс Th1/Th2-лимфоцитов в целостном организме мышей по его воздействию на развитие оппозитных вариантов хронической РТПХ (хРТПХ) в полуаллогенной системе DBA/2 → (C57BL/6×DBA/2).</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>В экспериментальной модели развития хРТПХ в динамике оценивали массу и клеточность лимфоидных органов, а также выраженность спленомегалии как показатели интенсивности Th1- и Th2-зависимых иммунных реакций. Концентрацию внеклеточной ДНК определяли с использованием флюоресцентного реагента Quant-IT™ PicoGreen для двухцепочечной ДНК.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Установлено, что μ-ODN4084-F вызывает значительный сдвиг Th1/Th2-баланса в сторону активации Th2-лимфоцитов, что сопровождается преимущественным развитием Th2-зависимого варианта хРТПХ: иммунокомплексный гломерулонефрит выявлен у 85% подопытных мышей после введения μ-ODN4084-F по сравнению с 50% в контрольной группе. Введение CpG-богатого олигонуклеотида SD-101 PS, напротив, стимулировало развитие Th1-зависимого варианта РТПХ у всех животных. Сравнение групп мышей с оппозитными вариантами хРТПХ, полученными при воздействии обоих олигонуклеотидов, показало, что средние значения содержания внеклеточной ДНК в крови мышей с Th2-зависимым вариантом в два раза превышало аналогичный показатель при Th1-зависимом варианте хРТПХ, что указывает на связь данного параметра с интенсивностью воспалительного процесса.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Эксперименты <italic>in vivo </italic>подтверждают способность олигонуклеотида μ-ODN4084-F в условиях иммунного конфликта специфически воздействовать на Th1/Th2-соотношение, способствуя активации Th2-зависимых иммунных реакций и снижению провоспалительной активности Th1-клеток. Следовательно, подобные олигонуклеотиды являются эффективными агентами воздействия на иммунную систему, что может быть положено в основу разработки методов их применения как при экспериментальных исследованиях, так и для профилактики и лечения нарушений деятельности иммунной системы в клинике.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>graft-versus-host disease</kwd><kwd>cell-free DNA</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>autoimmune diseases</kwd><kwd>oligonucleotides</kwd><kwd>TLR-9 antagonists and agonists</kwd><kwd>DNA analogs</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>реакция «трансплантат против хозяина»</kwd><kwd>внеклеточная ДНК</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>аутоиммунные заболевания</kwd><kwd>олигонуклеотиды</kwd><kwd>антагонисты и агонисты TLR-9</kwd><kwd>аналоги ДНК</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>124112700049-9</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was carried out at the expense of the federal budget to fulfill the state assignment for research work (No. 124112700049-9)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено за счёт средств федерального бюджета для выполнения государственного задания на научно-исследовательскую работу (РК № 124112700049-9)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Dongye Z, Li J, Wu Y. 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