<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокины и воспаление</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1684-7849</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">698401</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CI698401</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">QZIJXA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Antiviral activity of neomycin against respiratory syncytial virus in laboratory animals: an exploratory experimental study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Противовирусная активность неомицина в отношении респираторно-синцитиального вируса у лабораторных животных: поисковое экспериментальное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7560-398X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1012-8043</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Romanovskaya-Romanko</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Романовская-Романько</surname><given-names>Екатерина Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>romromka@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8196-3156</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2986-9850</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Plotnikova</surname><given-names>Marina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Плотникова</surname><given-names>Марина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>biomalinka@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8609-8093</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1077-9160</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pulkina</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пулькина</surname><given-names>Анастасия Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>pureshka@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7093-0014</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6177-6467</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Muzhikyan</surname><given-names>Arman A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мужикян</surname><given-names>Арман Артушевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Veterinary)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. ветеринар. наук</p></bio><email>vetdiagnostics.spb@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3081-0463</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1299-6388</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Oleinik</surname><given-names>Veronika A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Олейник</surname><given-names>Вероника Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>working.lyutik@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2127-3820</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5748-9310</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stukova</surname><given-names>Marina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стукова</surname><given-names>Марина Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>marina.stukova@influenza.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="kk"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="pt"></institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт гриппа им. А.А. Смородинцева</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh"></institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт гриппа им. А.А. Смородинцева</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-12-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>174</fpage><lpage>183</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-12"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-23"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Romanovskaya-Romanko E.A., Plotnikova M.A., Pulkina A.A., Muzhikyan A.A., Oleinik V.A., Stukova M.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Романовская-Романько Е.А., Плотникова М.А., Пулькина А.А., Мужикян А.А., Олейник В.А., Стукова М.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Romanovskaya-Romanko E.A., Plotnikova M.A., Pulkina A.A., Muzhikyan A.A., Oleinik V.A., Stukova M.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Романовская-Романько Е.А., Плотникова М.А., Пулькина А.А., Мужикян А.А., Олейник В.А., Стукова М.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-03-24"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/698401">https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/698401</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Respiratory syncytial virus is a major, clinically relevant respiratory pathogen that primarily affects infants and older patients. The development of new, effective antiviral agents is an important research area because there are currently few tools available to control respiratory syncytial virus infection.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>The study aimed to assess the antiviral activity of neomycin against respiratory syncytial virus in laboratory animals.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>The study involved BALB/c mice and guinea pigs. Molecular genetic techniques were used to evaluate the expression of intracellular nucleic acid sensors and key interferon-stimulated genes in the respiratory tracts of animals infected with respiratory syncytial virus and treated with neomycin at the early stages of infection. Viral load in animal respiratory tracts was determined using virus isolation in cell culture, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and polymerase chain reaction. Pathological changes in the respiratory tract tissues were histologically assessed during respiratory syncytial virus infection.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Prophylactic and therapeutic administration of intranasal neomycin substantially upregulate the expression of intracellular receptors (MDA5, TLR9, and RIG-I) and antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (OAS1, IRF7, and Mx2) in mice. Neomycin treatment reduced viral replication and mitigated pathological changes in the lower respiratory tracts in a guinea pig model of respiratory syncytial virus infection.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>These findings demonstrate the antiviral potential of neomycin against respiratory syncytial virus. Prophylactic and therapeutic administration of intranasal neomycin upregulated the expression of intracellular nucleic acid sensors and key interferon-stimulated genes, thereby activating the innate immune system of the experimental animals.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Респираторно-синцитиальный вирус (РСВ) является одним из основных клинически значимых респираторных патогенов, поражающих преимущественно детей первых месяцев жизни и пожилых людей. В связи с тем, что арсенал средств по борьбе с РСВ-инфекцией в настоящее время весьма ограничен, разработка новых эффективных противовирусных препаратов остаётся важным направлением научных исследований.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Изучить противовирусную активность неомицина в отношении РСВ у лабораторных животных.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>В работе использованы мыши BALB/c и морские свинки. Для оценки экспрессии паттерн-распознающих внутриклеточных сенсоров нуклеиновых кислот и ключевых противовирусных интерферон-стимулируемых генов в респираторном тракте заражённых животных, получавших неомицин на начальных стадиях РСВ-инфекции, использовали молекулярно-генетические методы. Определение антигенной нагрузки заражающего вируса в респираторном тракте животных проводили методами вирусовыделения на культуре клеток, иммуноферментного анализа и полимеразной цепной реакции. Для оценки выраженности патологических изменений в тканях респираторного тракта в процессе РСВ-инфекции использовали гистологический метод.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Показано, что интраназальное введение неомицина в лечебно-профилактической схеме приводит к значительному увеличению экспрессии внутриклеточных рецепторов MDA5, TLR9 и RIG-I и интерферон-стимулируемых генов с противовирусным потенциалом (OAS1, IRF7 и Mx2) у мышей. На модели экспериментальной РСВ-инфекции у морских свинок использование неомицина приводило к снижению репликации вируса и уменьшало выраженность патологических изменений в нижних дыхательных путях заражённых животных.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Полученные результаты демонстрируют противовирусный потенциал неомицина в отношении РСВ. Интраназальное применение неомицина в лечебно-профилактической схеме приводило к усилению экспрессии внутриклеточных сенсоров нуклеиновых кислот и ключевых интерферон-стимулируемых генов, активируя врождённую иммунную систему организма экспериментальных животных.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neomycin</kwd><kwd>antiviral agents</kwd><kwd>respiratory syncytial virus, interferon-stimulated genes</kwd><kwd>Toll-like receptors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>неомицин</kwd><kwd>противовирусная активность</kwd><kwd>респираторно-синцитиальный вирус, интерферон-стимулируемые гены</kwd><kwd>Toll-подобные рецепторы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>125040704919-6</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was part of State Assignment of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (R&amp;D Registration No. 125040704919-6 in the Unified State Information System for Accounting of Research, Development, and Technological Work (EGISU NIOKTR)).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках государственного задания Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (регистрационный номер НИОКТР в ЕГИСУ НИОКТР 125040704919-6).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Gopinath S, Kim MV, Rakib T, et al. Topical application of aminoglycoside antibiotics enhances host resistance to viral infections in a microbiota-independent manner. Nat Microbiol. 2018;3(5):611–621. doi: 10.1038/s41564-018-0138-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Mao T, Kim J, Peña-Hernández MA, et al. Intranasal neomycin evokes broad-spectrum antiviral immunity in the upper respiratory tract. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024;121(18):e2319566121. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2319566121 EDN: ATDKNV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Krivitskaya VZ, Petrova ER, Sorokin EV, et al. Design and characteristics of monoclonal antibodies specific to respiratory syncytial virus. Biotekhnologiya. 2016;32(1):65–75. doi: 10.21519/0234-2758-2016-1-65-75 EDN: VVZKST</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Oleynik VA, Plotnikova MA, Yolshin ND, et al. Development and approbation of a quantitative PCR system for studying the expression of endosomal receptors and cytosolic nucleic acid sensors in mice. Medical Academic Journal. 2025;25(1):90–100. doi: 10.17816/MAJ637237 EDN: PCBNIB</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Patent RUS № 2841955 C1/ 18.06.2025. Elshin ND, Klotchenko SA, Oleinik VA, Plotnikova MA. Test system for assessing level of expression of mice TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, RIG-I, MDA5 genes. EDN: XYMZPE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Streckert HJ, Philippou S, Riedel F. Detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigen in the lungs of guinea pigs 6 weeks after experimental infection and despite of the production of neutralizing antibodies. Arch Virol. 1996;141(3–4):401–410. doi: 10.1007/BF01718305</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Taylor G. Animal models of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vaccine. 2017;35(3):469–480. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.054</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Hegele RG, Robinson PJ, Gonzalez S, Hogg JC. Production of acute bronchiolitis in guinea-pigs by human respiratory syncytial virus. Eur Respir J. 1993;6(9):1324–1331.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Hijano DR, Vu LD, Kauvar LM, et al. Role of type I interferon (IFN) in the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) immune response and disease severity. Front Immunol. 2019;10:566. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00566 EDN: BUPGXX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Spann KM, Tran KC, Chi B, et al. Suppression of the induction of alpha, beta, and lambda interferons by the NS1 and NS2 proteins of human respiratory syncytial virus in human epithelial cells and macrophages [corrected]. J Virol. 2004;78(8):4363–4369. doi: 10.1128/jvi.78.8.4363-4369.2004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Schoggins JW. Interferon-stimulated genes: what do they all do? Annu Rev Virol. 2019;6(1):567–584. doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015756 EDN: TWUJMK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Jobe F, Simpson J, Hawes P, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus sequesters NF-κB subunit p65 to cytoplasmic inclusion bodies to inhibit innate immune signaling. J Virol. 2020;94(22):e01380–e01320. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01380-20 EDN: OEFBWD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Sun YL, Guo Y, Yu Wang X, et al. Elimination of gut microbiota hinders the therapeutic effect of amentoflavone on respiratory syncytial virus-induced lung inflammation injury by regulating innate immunity. Phytomedicine. 2025;145:157033. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2025.157033</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Harioudh MK, Perez J, Chong Z, et al. Oligoadenylate synthetase 1 displays dual antiviral mechanisms in driving translational shutdown and protecting interferon production. Immunity. 2024;57(3):446–461.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2024.02.002 EDN: FTPERE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Ciancanelli MJ, Abel L, Zhang SY, Casanova JL. Host genetics of severe influenza: from mouse Mx1 to human IRF7. Curr Opin Immunol. 2016;38:109–120. doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.12.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Sakamoto R, Jiang S, Tsukada Y, et al. IFN-Alpha1 antisense RNA represses human influenza A virus growth in a guinea pig system. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2019;24(4):798–818. doi: 10.2741/4752</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
