<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокины и воспаление</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1684-7849</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">694031</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CI694031</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">QZIXVS</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Leukocyte matrices in personalized immune status assessment of patients with sepsis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Лейкоцитарные матрицы в технологии персонифицированной оценки иммунного статуса при сепсисе</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5829-672X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3132-8260</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savchenko</surname><given-names>Andrei A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савченко</surname><given-names>Андрей Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>aasavchenko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5988-1688</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8848-3659</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kasparov</surname><given-names>Edward V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каспаров</surname><given-names>Эдуард Вильямович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>rsimpn@scn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0449-5333</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisov</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисов</surname><given-names>Сергей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>borisov1207@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6120-159X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4610-7610</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Anisimova</surname><given-names>Elena N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Анисимова</surname><given-names>Елена Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>foi-543@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4743-4565</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6760-3354</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Cherdantsev</surname><given-names>Dmitriy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черданцев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>gs7@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2498-3844</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2706-0079</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zdzitovetsky</surname><given-names>Dmitriy E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Здзитовецкий</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Эдуардович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>zdz64@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9670-9476</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4606-7206</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisov</surname><given-names>Roman N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисов</surname><given-names>Роман Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>boron-5@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8698-6621</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kochenov</surname><given-names>Dmitriy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коченов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Physical and Mathematical)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. физ.-мат. наук</p></bio><email>dilail@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2114-581X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7235-5987</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savchenko</surname><given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савченко</surname><given-names>Екатерина Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sav-ka-00@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9026-2615</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9570-2254</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisov</surname><given-names>Alexandr G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисов</surname><given-names>Александр Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>2410454@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Krasnoyarsk Science Centre of the Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Красноярский научный центр Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Красноярский государственный медицинский университет им. проф. В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Krasnoyarsk Interdistrict Clinical Hospital No. 20 named after I.S. Berzon</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Красноярская межрайонная клиническая больница № 20 им. И.С. Берзона</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-12-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>96</fpage><lpage>103</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-24"><day>24</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-24"><day>24</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Savchenko A.A., Kasparov E.V., Borisov S.A., Anisimova E.N., Cherdantsev D.V., Zdzitovetsky D.E., Borisov R.N., Kochenov D.A., Savchenko E.V., Borisov A.G.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Савченко А.А., Каспаров Э.В., Борисов С.А., Анисимова Е.Н., Черданцев Д.В., Здзитовецкий Д.Э., Борисов Р.Н., Коченов Д.А., Савченко Е.В., Борисов А.Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Savchenko A.A., Kasparov E.V., Borisov S.A., Anisimova E.N., Cherdantsev D.V., Zdzitovetsky D.E., Borisov R.N., Kochenov D.A., Savchenko E.V., Borisov A.G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Савченко А.А., Каспаров Э.В., Борисов С.А., Анисимова Е.Н., Черданцев Д.В., Здзитовецкий Д.Э., Борисов Р.Н., Коченов Д.А., Савченко Е.В., Борисов А.Г.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-12-25"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/694031">https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/694031</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Being one of the leading causes of mortality, sepsis is a global healthcare and social issue. Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated immune response to infection. The current understanding of its pathophysiology has shifted from studying the pathogen to analyzing the patient’s immune response, which is very different and unique. In general, sepsis is the simultaneous or sequential development of hyperinflammation and immunosuppression, which ultimately determines the clinical outcome.</p> <p>This paper emphasizes the need for a personalized approach to sepsis treatment based on the diagnosis of impaired immune status in the patient. We propose the complete blood count assessment using leukocyte analysis matrices allowing to determine the type and nature of immune response as an accessible, reproducible, and pathogenetically substantiated tool, even in a regular hospital setting. The paper presents a method for interpreting leukocyte matrices using the sepsis immunotyping technology allowing to identify the activation of innate or adaptive immunity and the nonimmunity or immunosuppression state. A conclusion is made on the clinical importance of the proposed approach for predicting the course of the disease, timely therapy correction, and the selection of a balanced, immune-oriented therapy. Thus, clinical integration of this approach contributes to the transition from empirical to pathogenetically substantiated therapy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Сепсис является глобальной медико-социальной проблемой и одной из ведущих причин летальности. В основе сепсиса лежит жизнеугрожающая дисфункция органов, вызванная дисрегулируемым иммунным ответом организма на инфекцию. Современное понимание патофизиологии сепсиса сместилось от изучения патогена к анализу нарушений иммунного ответа пациента, отличающихся значительной гетерогенностью и индивидуальностью. В целом для сепсиса характерно одновременное или последовательное развитие гипервоспаления и иммуносупрессии, что в конечном итоге определяет клинический исход.</p> <p>В данной статье подчёркивается необходимость персонифицированного подхода к терапии сепсиса, основанного на диагностике нарушений иммунного статуса пациента. В качестве доступного, воспроизводимого и патогенетически обоснованного инструмента предлагается оценка показателей общего анализа крови с использованием расчётных лейкоцитарных матриц, позволяющих количественно оценить тип и характер иммунного ответа, даже в условиях обычных стационаров. Приведена методика интерпретации лейкоцитарных матриц с использованием «Технологии иммунотипирования сепсиса», которая позволяет определить активацию врождённого или адаптивного иммунитета, а также состояние ареактивности или иммуносупрессии. Сделан вывод о клинической значимости предлагаемого подхода для прогнозирования течения заболевания, своевременной коррекции лечения и выбора рациональной, иммуноориентированной терапии. Таким образом, интеграция данного подхода в клиническую практику способствует переходу от эмпирической к патогенетически обоснованной терапии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sepsis</kwd><kwd>immune response</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd><kwd>complete blood count</kwd><kwd>personalized medicine</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сепсис</kwd><kwd>иммунный ответ</kwd><kwd>биомаркёры</kwd><kwd>общий анализ крови</kwd><kwd>персонифицированная медицина</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Aschenbrenner AC, Bauer M, et al. The pathophysiology of sepsis and precision-medicine-based immunotherapy. Nat Immunol. 2024;25(1):19–28. doi: 10.1038/s41590-023-01660-5 EDN: VIKMET</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>La Via L, Sangiorgio G, Stefani S, et al. The global burden of sepsis and septic shock. Epidemiologia. 2024;5(3):456–478. doi: 10.3390/epidemiologia5030032</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Lu J, Dong Z, Ye L, et al. Predictive value of SOFA, PCT, lactate, qSOFA and their combinations for mortality in patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2025;20(9):e0332525. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0332525</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Yang Z, Gao Y, Zhao L, et al. Molecular mechanisms of sepsis attacking the immune system and solid organs. Front Med. 2024;11:1429370. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1429370</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Savchenko AA, Borisov AG, Zdzitovetsky DE, Gvozdev II. Cytokine regulation of respiratory burst in blood neutrophils for prediction of abdominal sepsis in patients with extended purulent peritonitis. Medical immunology. 2016;18(5):475–482. doi: 10.15789/1563-0625-2016-5-475-482 EDN: WLXDPP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Tosi M, Coloretti I, Meschiari M, et al. The interplay between antibiotics and the host immune response in sepsis: from basic mechanisms to clinical considerations: a comprehensive narrative review. Antibiotics. 2024;13(5):406. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics13050406 EDN: HCFPTX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Borisov AG, Savchenko AA, Cherdantsev DV, et al. Types of immune response in advanced suppurative peritonitis. Pirogov Russian journal of surgery. 2016;(9):28–34. doi: 10.17116/hirurgia2016928-34 EDN: WZSLYT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Wu D, Shi Y, Zhang H, Miao C. Epigenetic mechanisms of immune remodeling in sepsis: targeting histone modification. Cell Death Dis. 2023;14(2):112. doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-05656-9 EDN: VGDCXS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Yin J, Wan Y, Chen G, et al. Research trends and topics on sepsis immunosuppression: a bibliometric and visual analysis of global research from 2004 to 2024. Front Med. 2025;12:1615753. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1615753</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Li Y, Yu J, Zeng Z, Lin W. Regulation of ubiquitination in sepsis: from PAMP versus DAMP to peripheral inflammation and cell death. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1513206. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1513206 EDN: FJYWPV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Chong PF, Higashi K, Matsuoka W, et al. Persistent intracranial hyper-inflammation in ruptured cerebral aneurysm after COVID-19: case report and review of the literature. BMC Neurol. 2024;24(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s12883-023-03493-z EDN: HBADFO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Muzaffar U, Fakiruddin KS, Talebiashtiany Y, Abdullah S. Delving deeper in the eye of the hurricane: Immunopathogenesis &amp; molecular characterization of cytokine storm in COVID-19, association with disease severity &amp; the therapeutic regimens. Cytokine. 2025;195:157025. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2025.157025</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang M, Guo B, Zhang X, et al. IFP35, a novel DAMP, aggravates neuroinflammation following acute ischemic stroke via TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling. J Neuroinflammation. 2025;22(1):164. doi: 10.1186/s12974-025-03492-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Li X, Wang M, Li Y, et al. Crosstalk between cell death and the cGAS-STING pathway in sepsis-associated acute lung injury. J Inflamm Res. 2025;18:13291–13312. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S543273</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Ma Y, Zhang J, Qi Y, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps in cardiovascular diseases: pathological roles and therapeutic implications. Biomolecules. 2025;15(9):1263. doi: 10.3390/biom15091263</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Savchenko AA, Borisov AG, Zdzitoveckij DE, Kudryavtsev IV. The cellular and humoral immunity state depending on the outcome of a widespread purulent peritonitis. Russian journal of infection and immunity. 2015;5(1):63–70. EDN: TVWXHH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Borisov AG, Savchenko AA, Sokolovskaya VK. The morbidity related to disorders of immune system function as exemplified by the Krasnoyarsk region. Health care of the Russian Federation. 2014:58(6):38–41. EDN: SZGHAD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Li X, Chen Z, Yao Y, et al. Single-cell multi-omics deciphers core gene networks and immune interaction collapse in sepsis-associated T cell dysfunction. Infect Drug Resist. 2025;18:4863–4885. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S538883</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Borisov AG. Cluster analysis of types of immune disorders in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Russian journal of immunology. 2014;8(4(17)):1002–1011. EDN: TEYXJF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Tikhonova EP, Savchenko AA, Elistratova TA, et al. Immunorehabilitation of patients who have had COVID-19: a tutorial. Krasnoyarsk: AS-KIT; 2023. 112 p. (In Russ.) ISBN: 978-5-605-04780-3 EDN: GMEAQK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Hotchkiss RS, Monneret G, Payen D. Sepsis-induced immunosuppression: from cellular dysfunctions to immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13(12):862–874. doi: 10.1038/nri3552</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Prescott HC, Angus DC. Enhancing recovery from sepsis: a review. JAMA. 2018;319(1):62–75. doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.17687</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Prescott HC, Langa KM, Iwashyna TJ. Readmission diagnoses after hospitalization for severe sepsis and other acute medical conditions. JAMA. 2015;313(10):1055–1057. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.1410</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Slim MA, van Mourik N, Bakkerus L, et al. Towards personalized medicine: a scoping review of immunotherapy in sepsis. Crit Care. 2024;28(1):183. doi: 10.1186/s13054-024-04964-6 EDN: KWTGOW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Borisov AG. Clinical characterization of functional disorders affecting immune system. Medical immunology. 2013;15(1):45–50. EDN: PUUERN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Borisov SA, Savchenko AA, Kasparov EV, Borisov AG. Peculiarities of the T-lymphocyte phenotype in patients with pressure injuries. Polytrauma. 2021;(2):67–74. EDN: GKMMPA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Borisov RN, Zdzitovetskii DE, Kasparov EV, et al. Ypes of immune system reactions and their characteristic in patients with generalized purulent peritonitis. Siberian medical review. 2019;(5(119)):80–87. doi: 10.20333/2500136-2019-5-80-87 EDN: VJLZSX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Borisov AG, Savchenko AA, Kudryavtsev IV, et al. Alterations in the phenotype of cells of innate immunity in patients with polytrauma in the dynamics of the use of vaccine to prevent pseudomonas aeruginosa. Epidemiology and infectious diseases. 2016;21(3):124–129. doi: 10.18821/1560-9529-2016-21-3-124-129 EDN: WBGJGZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Borisov AG, Savchenko AA, Smirnova SV. On classification of immune systemfunctional status injuries. The Siberian medical journal. 2008;23(3-1):13–18. EDN: KZLEDV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Garduno A, Martín-Loeches I. Targeting sepsis: disease tolerance, immune resilience, and compartmentalized immunity. Biomedicines. 2024;12(11):2420. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12112420 EDN: XYBYRX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Lahariya R, Anand G, Kumari B. Trained immunity in sepsis: exploring the molecular link to long-term cardiometabolic disorders. Immunol Res. 2025;73(1):139. doi: 10.1007/s12026-025-09698-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Wang W, Ma L, Liu B, Ouyang L. The role of trained immunity in sepsis. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1449986. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1449986 EDN: RCDCSM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Kasparov EV, Savchenko AA, Kudlai DA, et al. Clinical immunology. Immune system rehabilitation. Krasnoyarsk: Versona; 2022. 196 p. (In Russ.) ISBN: 978-5-906477-40-8 EDN: XMNDAQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Borisov AG, Savchenko AA, Kudryavtsev IV. Features of the immune response during viral infection. Russian journal of infection and immunity. 2015;5(2):148–156. EDN: UUWFMZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Kempker JA, Martin GS. A global accounting of sepsis. Lancet. 2020;395(10219):168–170. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)33065-X EDN: YYOGNZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the global burden of disease study. Lancet. 2020;395(10219):200–211. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32989-7 EDN: JGNMNL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Baillie JK, Angus D, Burnham K, et al. Causal inference can lead us to modifiable mechanisms and informative archetypes in sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 2024;50(12):2031–2042. doi: 10.1007/s00134-024-07665-4 EDN: NZKIRM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Starshinova AA, Kudryavtsev IV, Borisov AG, et al. Principles of diagnostics of immunological disorders. Krasnoyarsk: AS-KIT; 2025. 153 p. ISBN: 978-5-605-23592-7 EDN: PANVEZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Arora J, Mendelson AA, Fox-Robichaud A. Sepsis: network pathophysiology and implications for early diagnosis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2023;324(5):R613–R624. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00003.2023 EDN: ILNVNE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Aygun U, Yagin FH, Yagin B, et al. Assessment of sepsis risk at admission to the emergency department: clinical interpretable prediction model. Diagnostics. 2024;14(5):457. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics14050457 EDN: RLCZBJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Savchenko AA, Kasparov EV, Borisov SA, et al. Assessing the immune system using a complete blood count (medical technology). Krasnoyarsk: OOO "Versona"; 2018. 12 p. (In Russ.) EDN: WRBDHY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Kozlov VA, Tikhonova EP, Savchenko AA, et al. Clinical Immunology. A practical handbook for infection specialists. Krasnoyarsk: Polikor; 2021. 550 p. (In Russ.) doi: 10.17513/np.518 ISBN: 97859428523551</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Savchenko AA, Kasparov EV, Borisov SA, et al. Sepsis immunotyping technology (medical technology). Krasnoyarsk: Krasnoyarskii nauchnyi tsentr; 2024. 16 p. (In Russ.) EDN: RDRDKF</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
