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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокины и воспаление</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1684-7849</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">689570</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CI689570</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PNTXOM</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Assessment of local humoral immunity status in oral fluid of smokers: a cross-sectional study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка статуса местного гуморального иммунитета полости рта в ротовой жидкости у курящих лиц: одномоментное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5653-0098</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasilnikov</surname><given-names>Ivan R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Красильников</surname><given-names>Иван Романович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ivankras2004@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5324-7395</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9374-3749</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazarenko</surname><given-names>Lyudmila L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазаренко</surname><given-names>Людмила Леонидовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>lazarenko@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Academician I.P. Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет им. акад. И.П. Павлова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-12-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>104</fpage><lpage>110</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-08-20"><day>20</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-02"><day>02</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Krasilnikov I.R., Lazarenko L.L.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Красильников И.Р., Лазаренко Л.Л.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Krasilnikov I.R., Lazarenko L.L.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Красильников И.Р., Лазаренко Л.Л.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-12-25"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/689570">https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/689570</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>The oral cavity is constantly exposed to antigens. Local humoral immunity, mediated primarily by secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), plays a pivotal role by binding these antigens. The relationship between sIgA levels and the intensity of chronic inflammation is actively studied. Given that smoking is a factor of chronic oral inflammation, it is important to evaluate the local humoral immunity (sIgA) status and its association with inflammation activity (IL-6) in the oral fluid of smokers.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>To assess the local humoral immunity and chronic inflammation activity using sIgA and IL-6 levels in the oral fluid of smokers.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>A smoking history survey was conducted among third-year students of the Dentistry Department at the Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University. The study also included a detailed history of the local oral mucosa status (acute infections, chronic diseases of the oral mucosa and throat) and immunity disorder and allergy history. The levels of sIgA and IL-6 in oral fluid were determined by enzyme immunoassay.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>A total of 29 respondents were included in the study: 11 smokers and 17 non-smokers (control group). One respondent was excluded from the study due to acute respiratory viral infection. The average smoking history was 3 years; 54.5% of smokers (<italic>n </italic>= 6) and 66.7% of non-smokers (<italic>n </italic>= 12) had an allergy history. No immunodeficiencies were observed. Chronic gingivitis (K05.1) was diagnosed in one smoker. Chronic tonsillitis (J35.0) was diagnosed in two smokers. Oral fluid sIgA levels were lower in smokers than in non-smokers (31.25 [15.43; 96.20] vs 89.04 [64.73; 120.36] ng/mL, <italic>p</italic> = 0.04 [negligible]). There was no significant difference in the IL-6 level (12.74 [8.63; 17.56] vs 9.69 [7.90; 20.61], <italic>p</italic> = 0.36). For statistical analysis, the median and quartiles were used, as the groups were small and the distribution was different from normal (as assessed by the Shapiro–Wilk test). For comparative analysis, we used the Mann–Whitney <italic>U</italic> test. Enzyme immunoassay was performed using Vector-Best kits (Russia).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The findings indicate that smokers have lower levels of sIgA in oral fluid than non-smokers, which may contribute to chronic inflammatory diseases of the oral mucosa and throat in smokers.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Полость рта подвержена постоянному воздействию антигенов. Местный гуморальный иммунитет, представленный секреторным иммуноглобулином А (sIgA), играет ключевую роль, связывая антигены. В настоящее время изучается взаимосвязь между уровнем sIgA и активностью хронических воспалительных процессов. Курение — один из факторов, влияющих на развитие хронического воспаления в ротовой полости. Именно поэтому важной задачей является оценка статуса местного гуморального иммунитета (sIgA) и его связи с активностью воспаления (IL-6) в ротовой жидкости у курящих лиц.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования. </bold>Оценить статус местного гуморального иммунитета и активность хронических воспалительных процессов по уровню sIgA и IL-6 в ротовой жидкости у курильщиков.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Проведено анкетирование студентов III курса стоматологического факультета ПСПбГМУ им. акад. И.П. Павлова на предмет курения и его стажа. Собран подробный анамнез о местном статусе слизистой оболочки полости рта (наличие острых инфекционных заболеваний, хронических заболеваний слизистой оболочки полости рта и горла), иммуно- и аллергоанамнез. Методом иммуноферментного анализа оценены уровни sIgA и IL-6 в ротовой жидкости. Для статистической обработки использовали медиану и квартили, поскольку группы были небольшими, а распределение отлично от нормального (проверка нормальности — тест Шапиро–Уилка). Сравнительный анализ проводили с помощью критерия Манна–Уитни. Определение выполнили методом иммуноферментного анализа с наборами «Вектор-Бест» (Россия).</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Из 29 опрошенных лиц в исследование вошли 11 курящих и 17 некурящих (контрольная группа). Один опрошенный был исключён из исследования из-за острой респираторной вирусной инфекции. Средний стаж курения составил 3 года; аллергоанамнез отягощён у 54,5% курильщиков (<italic>n</italic> = 6) и 66,7% некурящих (<italic>n</italic> = 12). Иммунодефицитных состояний не отмечено. Хронический гингивит (К05.1) поставлен одному курильщику. Хронический тонзиллит (J35.0) зафиксирован у двух курильщиков. У курящих лиц выявлено снижение уровня sIgA в ротовой жидкости относительно некурящих [31,25 (15,43; 96,20) против 89,04 (64,73; 120,36) нг/мл, <italic>p</italic> = 0,04 (ничтожная)]. Статистически значимого различия в уровне IL-6 установлено не было [12,74 (8,63; 17,56) против 9,69 (7,90; 20,61), <italic>p</italic> = 0,36].</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Наблюдения позволяют сделать вывод о том, что у курящих лиц снижен уровень sIgA в ротовой жидкости относительно некурящих, что может быть причиной наличия у курящих участников хронических воспалительных заболеваний слизистой оболочки полости рта и горла.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>smoking</kwd><kwd>local immunity</kwd><kwd>IL-6</kwd><kwd>sIgA</kwd><kwd>oral mucosa</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>курение</kwd><kwd>местный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>IL-6</kwd><kwd>sIgA</kwd><kwd>слизистая оболочка полости рта</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Mucosal immunology. Third edition. Mestecky J, Lamm ME, Mcghee JR, et al., editors. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press; 2005. 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