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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокины и воспаление</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1684-7849</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">643495</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CI643495</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">CPTDJX</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Study of Recombinant Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Compositions Biological Activity After Injection and Inhalation in Mouse Model of Pulmonary Inflammation</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Исследование биологической активности композиций на основе рекомбинантного рецепторного антагониста интерлейкина-1 при инъекционном и ингаляционном введении на модели лёгочного воспаления у мышей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6661-6145</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5860-4216</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ischenko</surname><given-names>Alexander M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ищенко</surname><given-names>Александр Митрофанович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>amischenko1946@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0242-9615</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9435-6100</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nekrasova</surname><given-names>Ksenia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Некрасова</surname><given-names>Ксения Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>k.a.nekrasova@hpb.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3960-3058</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2873-5071</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Laptev</surname><given-names>Denis S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лаптев</surname><given-names>Денис Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>laptev@gpech.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3989-0437</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2673-8240</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bobkov</surname><given-names>Dmitry V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бобков</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>bobkov@gpech.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9222-6773</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7019-2420</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolobov</surname><given-names>Alexander A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колобов</surname><given-names>Александр Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук</p></bio><email>aak1959@internet.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8228-4240</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2064-7584</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Simbirtsev</surname><given-names>Andrey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Симбирцев</surname><given-names>Андрей Семенович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>a.s.simbirtsev@hpb.spb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научно-исследовательский институт особо чистых биопрепаратов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт гигиены, профпатологии и экологии человека</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-04-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>153</fpage><lpage>161</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-01-13"><day>13</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-04"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Ischenko A.M., Nekrasova K.A., Laptev D.S., Bobkov D.V., Kolobov A.A., Simbirtsev A.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Ищенко А.М., Некрасова К.А., Лаптев Д.С., Бобков Д.В., Колобов А.А., Симбирцев А.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ischenko A.M., Nekrasova K.A., Laptev D.S., Bobkov D.V., Kolobov A.A., Simbirtsev A.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ищенко А.М., Некрасова К.А., Лаптев Д.С., Бобков Д.В., Колобов А.А., Симбирцев А.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-06-14"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/643495">https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/643495</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>The severity of <italic>respiratory distress syndrome </italic>is associated with the development of systemic multifactorial inflammatory processes leading to hyperinflammation. Proinflammatory cytokines, primarily interleukin-1 (IL-1), and reactive oxygen species substantially contribute to these pathological processes. The use of an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) as an IL-1 blocker is a key first-line therapy for patients experiencing cytokine storm syndrome. The novelty of the approach under investigation lies in studying the effectiveness of inhaled administration of IL-1Ra, including its combined use with a reactive oxygen species inhibitor — <italic>superoxide dismutase</italic> (SOD).</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>To assess the efficacy of IL-1Ra administered parenterally and by inhalation, both as a standalone agent and in combination with SOD, in a bleomycin-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome model.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS: </bold>Male BALB/c mice were used in the study. Respiratory distress syndrome was modeled by intraperitoneal administration of bleomycin at a dose of 2 mg/mouse on days 1, 8, and 15 of the experiment. The investigational drugs—a 10.0-mg/mL IL-1Ra solution and a 10.0-mg/mL IL-1Ra solution containing 0.4 mg/mL SOD—were administered to the experimental groups either subcutaneously or by inhalation at a dose of 2 mg/mouse daily for 15 days starting from day 1 of the experiment. Body weight, spirometry, histological studies, and animal survival were assessed.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Subcutaneous and inhalation administration of IL-1Ra + SOD, as well as subcutaneous administration of IL-1Ra, positively affected animal survival. Subcutaneous administration of IL-1Ra and IL-1Ra + SOD led to statistically significant improvements in indicators of external respiration in mice with bleomycin-induced intoxication. A reduction in destructive lung changes caused by intraperitoneal administration of bleomycin was observed in the experimental groups receiving inhaledIL-1Ra orIL-1Ra + SOD and in the group receiving subcutaneous IL-1Ra.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Both investigational products — IL-1Ra and IL-1Ra + SOD — administered by injection or inhalation demonstrated a positive effect in the treatment of respiratory distress syndrome induced by bleomycin in the mouse model.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Тяжесть респираторного дистресс-синдрома связана с развитием системных многофакторных воспалительных процессов, приводящих к гипервоспалению. Существенный вклад в эти патологические процессы вносят провоспалительные цитокины, в первую очередь, интерлейкин-1 (IL-1) и активные формы кислорода. Использование в качестве блокатора IL-1 рецепторного антагониста (IL-1Ra) является ключевым в терапии первой линии у пациентов с синдромом «цитокинового шторма». Новизна разрабатываемого подхода заключается в изучении эффективности ингаляционного применения IL-1Ra, в том числе совместно с ингибитором активных форм кислорода — супероксиддисмутазой (СОД).</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Изучение эффективности действия IL-1Ra при парентеральном и ингаляционном применении в виде индивидуального средства и в сочетании с СОД на модели острого респираторного дистресс-синдрома, индуцированного блеомицином.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В исследовании использовали мышей-самцов BALB/c. При моделировании респираторного дистресс-синдрома животным вводили блеомицин внутрибрюшинно в дозе 2 мг/мышь на 1, 8 и 15-й дни эксперимента. Исследуемые препараты: 10,0 мг/мл раствор IL-1Ra и 10,0 мг/мл раствор IL-1Ra, содержащий 0,4 мг/мл СОД — вводили животным опытных групп подкожно или ингаляционно в дозе 2 мг/мышь ежедневно в течение 15 дней, начиная с 1-го дня эксперимента. Проводили взвешивание, спирометрию и гистологические исследования, оценивали выживаемость животных.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Подкожное и ингаляционное введение IL-1Ra + СОД, а также подкожное введение IL-1Ra положительно влияли на выживаемость животных. Подкожное введение IL-1Ra и IL-1Ra + СОД приводило к статистически значимому улучшению показателей, характеризующих внешнее дыхание мышей при интоксикации блеомицином. Снижение деструктивных изменений в лёгких, вызванных внутрибрюшинным введением блеомицина, наблюдалось у подопытных животных в группах, получавших ингаляционно IL-1Ra или IL-1Ra + СОД и подкожно IL-1Ra.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Суммируя результаты проведённых исследований, можно констатировать достижение положительного действия обоих исследуемых препаратов — IL-1Ra и IL-1Ra + СОД, использованных в режимах инъекционного и ингаляционного введения, при лечении респираторного дистресс-синдрома, вызванного действием блеомицина, на модели у мышей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>respiratory distress syndrome</kwd><kwd>interleukin-1 receptor antagonist</kwd><kwd>superoxide dismutase</kwd><kwd>bleomycin</kwd><kwd>injection administration</kwd><kwd>inhalation administration</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>респираторный дистресс-синдром</kwd><kwd>рецепторный антагонист интерлейкина-1</kwd><kwd>супероксиддисмутаза</kwd><kwd>блеомицин</kwd><kwd>инъекционное введение</kwd><kwd>ингаляционное введение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное медико-биологическое агентство</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>25.451.23.0</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bellani G, Laffey JG, Pham T, et al; LUNG SAFE Investigators; ESICM Trials Group. 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