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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокины и воспаление</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1684-7849</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">642255</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CI642255</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">IJDOWO</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Effects of Immunosuppressive Oligonucleotides A151, ODN4084-F, and μ-ODN4084-F on Mitigation of Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Experimental Model</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Изучение влияния иммуносупрессорных олигонуклеотидов A151, ODN4084-F и μ-ODN4084-F на снижение негативных последствий острой реакции «трансплантат против хозяина» в экспериментальной модели</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2014-3397</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7062-5818</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavrilova</surname><given-names>Elena D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаврилова</surname><given-names>Елена Давидовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>edav.gavr@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6443-6917</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6886-9372</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Goiman</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гойман</surname><given-names>Елена Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>l.goiman@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1383-2126</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2993-4230</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Derzhalova</surname><given-names>Alina Sh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Держалова</surname><given-names>Анна Шарафидиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>a.derzhalova@g.nsu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-5704</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2080-3218</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stetsenko</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стеценко</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chemistry)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. хим. наук</p></bio><email>stetsenkoda@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6644-5959</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5303-6652</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Burakova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Буракова</surname><given-names>Екатерина Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chemistry)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. хим. наук</p></bio><email>ekaanabur@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт фундаментальной и клинической иммунологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-05-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>135</fpage><lpage>143</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-08"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-23"><day>23</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Gavrilova E.D., Goiman E.V., Derzhalova A.S., Stetsenko D.A., Burakova E.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Гаврилова Е.Д., Гойман Е.В., Держалова А.Ш., Стеценко Д.А., Буракова Е.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gavrilova E.D., Goiman E.V., Derzhalova A.S., Stetsenko D.A., Burakova E.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гаврилова Е.Д., Гойман Е.В., Держалова А.Ш., Стеценко Д.А., Буракова Е.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-06-14"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/642255">https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/642255</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation has significant therapeutic potential for a wide range of diseases. However, the development of severe and potentially fatal forms of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) substantially limits its applicability. The search for effective GVHD therapies aimed at modulating immune responses is ongoing. One such approach may involve the use of inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotides due to their potential therapeutic application in immune-mediated inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, as well as ongoing research into their structural variants and modifications aimed at regulating activity.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> The study aimed to evaluate the effects of two immunosuppressive oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages (A151 and ODN4084-F) and one oligonucleotide modified with mesyl groups (μ-ODN4084-F) on the Th1/Th2-lymphocyte balance in an experimental model of acute GVHD.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</bold> In experiments conducted during the progression of acute GVHD induced in the standard semi-allogeneic model C57Bl/6 → (C57Bl/6 × DBA/2)F1, the degree of thymic destruction and the severity of splenomegaly were assessed as indicators of the intensity of Th1-dependent and Th2-dependent immune responses, respectively. Serum levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 (IL-4) in mice were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (Mouse IFN-γ ELISA Kit and Mouse IL-4 ELISA Kit, ABclonal, China). Cytokine concentrations were determined with a multimode microplate reader (LB 941 TriStar; Berthold Technologies, Germany). Mortality rates were also evaluated in both control and experimental groups.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> It was demonstrated that the administration of inhibitory ODNs contributed to a reduction in thymic destruction during the development of acute GVHD (on days 12–20, the thymus was better preserved in mice treated with ODNs compared with the control group), which correlated well with the improved survival of the animals. The greatest efficacy was observed with μ-ODN4084-F, which incorporates thiophosphate/mesylphosphoramide modifications; by day 50, survival was 44.6% higher compared with the untreated GVHD group. This effect was accompanied by a marked reduction in serum IFN-γ levels, as well as the maintenance or, in some cases, increase in IL-4 concentrations.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The analysis of the obtained results allows to conclude that systemic inflammation is suppressed and a shift in the Th1/Th2-balance toward greater Th2-lymphocyte activity under the influence of the studied oligonucleotides, suggesting their efficacy in acute GVHD.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Аллогенная трансплантация костного мозга имеет большой терапевтический потенциал для целого ряда заболеваний. Риск развития тяжёлых и потенциально летальных форм реакции «трансплантат против хозяина» (РТПХ) существенно ограничивает применимость данного метода лечения. Продолжается разработка наиболее эффективных методов лечения РТПХ, заключающихся в уменьшении активности иммунного ответа. Одним из таких методов может стать использование ингибирующих олигодезоксинуклеотидов благодаря их потенциальному терапевтическому применению при иммуноопосредованных воспалительных и аутоиммунных заболеваниях, а также изучение их различных структур и модификаций, направленных на изменение активности.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Исследовать влияние двух иммуносупрессорных олигонуклеотидов с PS-межнуклеотидными группами (A151, ODN4084-F) и одного модифицированного мезильными группами (μ-ODN4084-F) на сдвиг баланса Th1/Th2-лимфоцитов в экспериментальной модели развития острой РТПХ (оРТПХ).</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В экспериментах, проведённых в динамике развития оРТПХ, индуцированной в стандартной полуаллогенной системе C57Bl/6 → (C57Bl/6 × DBA/2)F1, оценивали степень деструкции тимуса и выраженность спленомегалии как показатели интенсивности Th1-зависимых и Th2-зависимых иммунных реакций соответственно. Оценку уровня интерферона гамма (IFN-γ) и интерлейкина-4 (IL-4) в сыворотке крови мышей проводили иммуноферментным методом (Mouse IFN-γ ELISA kit и Mouse IL-4 ELISA kit, ABclonal, Китай). Уровень цитокинов измеряли на мультимодальном планшетном ридере LB 941 TriStar (Berthold Technologies, Германия). Кроме того, оценивали динамику смертности в контрольных и опытных группах мышей.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Показано, что введение ингибирующих ODN способствует снижению степени деструкции тимуса в ходе развития оРТПХ (на 12–20-е сутки тимус более сохранён у мышей, получавших ODN, по сравнению с контрольной группой), что хорошо согласуется с их благоприятным воздействием на степень выживаемости животных. Наибольшую эффективность демонстрирует содержащий тиофосфатные/мезилфосфорамидные группы μ-ODN4084-F (к 50-му дню наблюдений выживаемость мышей выше на 44,6%, чем в группе оРТПХ). При этом обнаружено заметное снижение концентрации IFN-γ в сыворотке крови, а также сохранение или даже увеличении в некоторых случаях концентрации IL-4.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Анализ полученных результатов позволяет сделать вывод о подавлении системного воспаления и сдвиге Th1/Th2-баланса в сторону большего влияния Th2-лимфоцитов под воздействием исследуемых ODN и говорить об эффективности их применения при оРТПХ.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>graft-versus-host disease</kwd><kwd>autoimmune diseases</kwd><kwd>immunosuppressive oligodeoxynucleotides</kwd><kwd>TLR9 antagonists</kwd><kwd>regulatory T cells</kwd><kwd>DNA analogs</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>реакция трансплантат против хозяина</kwd><kwd>аутоиммунные заболевания</kwd><kwd>иммуносупрессорные олигонуклеотиды</kwd><kwd>антагонисты TLR9</kwd><kwd>регуляторные Т-клетки</kwd><kwd>аналоги ДНК</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-23-00487</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Sureda A, Bader P, Cesaro S, et al. 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