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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокины и воспаление</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1684-7849</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">637130</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CI637130</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Changes in specific characteristics of extracellular DNA in inflammatory processes in patients with bronchial asthma and rheumatoid arthritis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Изменение отдельных характеристик внеклеточной ДНК при патологических процессах, обусловленных воспалением, у пациентов с бронхиальной астмой и ревматоидным артритом</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9341-1997</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6089-5244</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volskiy</surname><given-names>Nikolay N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вольский</surname><given-names>Николай Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>dtheory@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5178-5616</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2269-1820</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Demchenko</surname><given-names>Elena N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демченко</surname><given-names>Елена Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chemistry)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. хим. наук</p></bio><email>elena.demchenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6443-6917</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6886-9372</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Goiman</surname><given-names>Elena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гойман</surname><given-names>Елена В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>edav.gavr@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8950-5368</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4025-0533</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Filipenko</surname><given-names>Maxim L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Филипенко</surname><given-names>Максим Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук</p></bio><email>mlfilipenko@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2014-3397</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7062-5818</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavrilova</surname><given-names>Elena D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаврилова</surname><given-names>Елена Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>edav.gavr@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Fundamental and Clinical Immunology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт фундаментальной и клинической иммунологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-01-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>92</fpage><lpage>101</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-31"><day>31</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-12-03"><day>03</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Volskiy N.N., Demchenko E.N., Goiman E.V., Filipenko M.L., Gavrilova E.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Вольский Н.Н., Демченко Е.Н., Гойман Е.В., Филипенко М.Л., Гаврилова Е.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volskiy N.N., Demchenko E.N., Goiman E.V., Filipenko M.L., Gavrilova E.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вольский Н.Н., Демченко Е.Н., Гойман Е.В., Филипенко М.Л., Гаврилова Е.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-04-21"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/637130">https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/637130</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold><italic> </italic>The search for additional diagnostic markers that reflect the dynamics of disease progression remains a necessary and relevant task. Inflammation, as a key component of the pathogenesis of many diseases, is one of the main factors contributing to an increased level of extracellular DNA (ecDNA) in the blood plasma of affected patients.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold><italic> </italic>To determine the fragmentation index of ecDNA, the quantitative content of mitochondrial ecDNA (mt-ecDNA) within the total ecDNA pool, and the level of membrane-bound ecDNA in the blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and bronchial asthma to assess the potential diagnostic value of these parameters in evaluating inflammatory activity and therapeutic effectiveness.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold><italic> </italic>The total ecDNA pool was measured using the Quant-IT™ PicoGreen reagent for double-stranded DNA. The amount of mt-ecDNA and the ratio of long to short ecDNA fragments in blood plasma were assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold><italic> </italic>The ecDNA fragmentation index was significantly lower in both patients with bronchial asthma (Me=0.42; <italic>p</italic> &lt;0.001) and rheumatoid arthritis (Me=0.34; <italic>p</italic> &lt;0.001) compared to the donor group (Me=0.81). The prescribed therapy had no substantial effect on the fragmentation index, which remained nearly unchanged from the time of admission: Me=0.49 in the bronchial asthma group and Me=0.35 in the rheumatoid arthritis group. In patients with bronchial asthma, a moderate correlation was observed between mt-ecDNA levels and C-reactive protein (ρ=0.34; <italic>p</italic> &gt;0.05). In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, similar correlations were found between mt-ecDNA and DAS-28 (ρ=0.36; <italic>p</italic> &gt;0.05), as well as C-reactive protein (ρ=0.28; <italic>p</italic> &gt;0.05). The membrane-bound ecDNA fraction was significantly lower in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to healthy donors (18.7 ng/mL vs. 55.6 ng/mL; <italic>p</italic> &lt;0.01). A decrease in membrane-bound ecDNA fraction was also observed in patients with bronchial asthma compared to the donor group (19.4 ng/mL; <italic>p</italic> &lt;0.01).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold><italic> </italic>The ecDNA fragmentation index and mt-ecDNA levels cannot serve as markers of inflammatory activity or indicators of the pathological shift in the Th1/Th2 balance in various immune system disorders. This is supported by the fact that diseases with differing levels of inflammatory activity, such as rheumatoid arthritis and bronchial asthma, result in a similar reduction in the ecDNA fragmentation index relative to healthy donors and do not lead to any significant difference in mean mt-ecDNA levels between these patient groups.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Поиск дополнительных диагностических маркёров, отражающих динамику развития исследуемых заболеваний, всегда является необходимой и актуальной задачей. Воспалительный процесс, как существенная часть патогенеза многих заболеваний, выступает одним из основных факторов, увеличивающих уровень внеклеточной ДНК (вкДНК) в плазме крови больных.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — определение индекса фрагментации вкДНК, количественного содержания митохондриальной ДНК (мвкДНК) в общем пуле вкДНК и уровня вкДНК, связанной с мембранами клеток крови, в крови пациентов с ревматоидным артритом и бронхиальной астмой для оценки перспективы диагностического применения этих характеристик в определении активности воспалительных процессов и эффективности терапевтических мероприятий.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Уровень общего пула вкДНК определяли с использованием флюоресцентного реагента Quant-ITTM PicoGreen для двухцепочечной ДНК. Количество мвкДНК и соотношение длинных и коротких фрагментов вкДНК плазмы крови были измерены с помощью количественной полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Показано, что индекс фрагментации вкДНК был резко снижен относительно группы доноров (Ме=0,81) у пациентов как с бронхиальной астмой (Ме=0,42; <italic>р</italic> &lt;0,001), так и с ревматоидным артритом (Ме=0,34; <italic>р</italic> &lt;0,001). Проведённый курс терапии не оказывал существенного влияния на величину индекса фрагментации, оставаясь практически таким же, каким был при поступлении в клинику: в группе с бронхиальной астмой Ме=0,49, а в группе с ревматоидным артритом Ме=0,35. В группе пациентов с бронхиальной астмой нами была обнаружена умеренная корреляция мвкДНК с С-реактивным белком (ρ=0,34; <italic>p</italic> &gt;0,05), а у пациентов с ревматоидным артритом близкие по величине связи с DAS-28 (ρ=0,36; <italic>p</italic> &gt;0,05) и С-реактивным белком (ρ=0,28; <italic>p</italic> &gt;0,05). Уровень мембраносвязанной фракции вкДНК заметно снижен у пациентов с ревматоидным артритом по сравнению со здоровыми донорами (18,7 нг/мл vs 55,6 нг/мл; <italic>p</italic> &lt;0,01). У пациентов с бронхиальной астмой наблюдалось снижение величины мембраносвязанной фракции вкДНК по сравнению с группой доноров (19,4 нг/мл; <italic>p</italic> &lt;0,01).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Индекс фрагментации вкДНК и уровень мвкДНК не могут служить показателями, отражающими уровень воспалительной активности и, следовательно, величину патологического сдвига Th1/Th2-соотношения, при различных расстройствах деятельности иммунной системы. В пользу этого свидетельствует тот факт, что такие различные по уровню воспалительной активности заболевания, как ревматоидный артрит и бронхиальная астма, приводят к аналогичному снижению индекса фрагментации вкДНК относительно показателей здоровых доноров и не приводят к сколько-нибудь заметному отличию между средними уровнями мвкДНК в плазме этих пациентов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>extracellular DNA</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>mitochondrial DNA</kwd><kwd>DNA fragmentation</kwd><kwd>rheumatoid arthritis</kwd><kwd>bronchial asthma</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>внеклеточная ДНК</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>митохондриальная ДНК</kwd><kwd>фрагментация ДНК</kwd><kwd>ревматоидный артрит</kwd><kwd>бронхиальная астма</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственног задание</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">State assignment</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>122012000366-9</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственног задание</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">State assignment</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>124112700049-9</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Sun K, Jiang P, Cheng SH, et al. 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