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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокины и воспаление</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1684-7849</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">636836</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CI636836</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Epstein–Barr virus and immunity</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вирус Эпштейна–Барр и иммунитет</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5845-7569</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zotova</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зотова</surname><given-names>Анна Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Pharmacy)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. фармацевт. наук</p></bio><email>zotovafoto@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-8389</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8802-5569</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Svitich</surname><given-names>Oksana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Свитич</surname><given-names>Оксана Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН</p></bio><email>svitichoa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток имени И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-12-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>36</fpage><lpage>45</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-08"><day>08</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-11-21"><day>21</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Zotova A.V., Svitich O.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Зотова А.В., Свитич О.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zotova A.V., Svitich O.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зотова А.В., Свитич О.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-12-21"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/636836">https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/636836</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Epstein–Barr virus is the most widespread herpes virus in humans; the majority of the global population is infected by it. In children, the viral infection either lacks symptoms or leads to infectious mononucleosis. In a small percentage of people with latent infection, especially immunosuppressed patients, Epstein–Barr virus causes lymphoid and epithelial malignant neoplasms and a number of autoimmune diseases. Among other things, it is one of the causes of multiple sclerosis. Innate immunity is the primary protection from viruses, which the virus evades by using a number of strategies for successfully infecting people. It disrupts the innate immunity’s signaling pathways activated by Toll-, NOD-, RIG-I- and AIM2-like receptors, as well as cyclic GMP-AMP synthase. Epstein–Barr virus also counters the production and signaling of interferon, including JAK-STAT and TBK1-IRF3 pathways. Because of the differential modulation of the proviral and antiviral mechanisms of caspases and other cell cycle regulators at different infection stages, the virus actively interferes with the apoptosis and inflammation pathways to proceed infecting effectively. Using the activation of innate immunity to its advantage by triggering the pro-inflammatory response and the proteolytic cleavage of caspases which demonstrate proviral activity, the virus establishes latency and enters the phase of lytic reactivation. This promotes the development of serious life-threatening conditions, including cancer. The outcome of the infection is regulated by the delicate interaction between innate and adaptive immunity and the virus’ reproduction. In the absence of approved prophylactic vaccines, immunocorrection and antiviral therapy are the only possible methods of combating the virus and preventing the conditions associated with it. Understanding the mechanisms of various genes of Epstein–Barr virus involved in its life activity at different infection stages will help to find the right approach to developing preventive and curative treatments for this virus in the future.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Вирус Эпштейна–Барр является самым распространённым в человеческой популяции вирусом герпеса, им инфицировано подавляющее большинство населения земного шара. В детском возрасте вирусная инфекция либо протекает бессимптомно, либо может приводить к инфекционному мононуклеозу. У небольшой доли латентно инфицированных людей, особенно у пациентов с иммуносупрессивным состоянием, вирус Эпштейна–Барр вызывает лимфоидные и эпителиальные злокачественные новообразования, ряд аутоиммунных заболеваний, в том числе является одной из причин развития рассеянного склероза. Врождённый иммунитет служит первой линией противовирусной защиты, которую вирус обходит, используя ряд стратегий, для успешного инфицирования. Он нарушает работу сигнальных путей врождённого иммунитета, активируемых Toll-, NOD-, RIG-I- и AIM2-подобными рецепторами, а также циклической ГМФ-АМФ-синтетазой. Вирус Эпштейна–Барр также противодействует продукции и сигнализации интерферона, включая пути JAK-STAT и TBK1-IRF3. Благодаря дифференциальной модуляции провирусных и противовирусных механизмов действия каспаз и других клеточных регуляторов жизненного цикла на разных стадиях инфекции, активно вмешивается в пути апоптоза и воспаления для продолжения эффективного инфицирования. Обращая активацию врождённого иммунитета в свою пользу за счёт запуска провоспалительной реакции и протеолитического расщепления каспаз, которые проявляют провирусную активность, вирус устанавливает латентность или переходит в фазу литической реактивации, что способствует развитию серьёзных жизнеугрожающих заболеваний, в том числе онкогенезу. Исход инфекции регулируется тонким взаимодействием между врождённым, адаптивным иммунитетом и репродукцией вируса. В отсутствие лицензированных профилактических вакцин иммунокоррекция и противовирусная терапия — единственные возможные способы борьбы с вирусом и предотвращения заболеваний, ассоциированных с ним. Понимание механизмов воздействия тех или иных генов вируса Эпштейна–Барр, вовлечённых в процесс жизнедеятельности на разных этапах инфицирования, поможет в будущем найти правильный подход к разработке профилактических и терапевтических препаратов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Epstein–Barr virus</kwd><kwd>immune evasion</kwd><kwd>innate immunity</kwd><kwd>adaptive immunity</kwd><kwd>latency</kwd><kwd>gene expression</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус Эпштейна–Барр</kwd><kwd>уклонение от иммунитета</kwd><kwd>врождённый иммунитет</kwd><kwd>адаптивный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>латентность</kwd><kwd>экспрессия генов</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. 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