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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокины и воспаление</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1684-7849</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">636513</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CI636513</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Unknown</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Evaluation of the immunomodulatory and antiviral effects of small interfering RNAs Nup98.1 and Nup205.1 in an in vivo influenza model</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка иммуномодулирующего и противовирусного эффекта малых интерферирующих РНК Nup98.1 и Nup205.1 при гриппозной инфекции на модели in vivo</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5682-4581</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4933-1128</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pashkov</surname><given-names>Evgeny A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пашков</surname><given-names>Евгений А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>pashckov.j@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7385-5083</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1908-7720</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Faizuloev</surname><given-names>Evgeny B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Файзулоев</surname><given-names>Евгений Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>faizuloev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6247-7088</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Milchakov</surname><given-names>Danil V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мильчаков</surname><given-names>Данил В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>qugard1@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4788-0005</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1703-5706</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lushnikov</surname><given-names>Ruslan E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лушников</surname><given-names>Руслан Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ruslan_lushnikov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5620-1843</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7250-5808</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogdanova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богданова</surname><given-names>Екатерина А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>bogdekaterin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6150-9938</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rozhkova</surname><given-names>Lanita S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рожкова</surname><given-names>Ланита С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lanitarozhkova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1757-8389</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8802-5569</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Svitich</surname><given-names>Oxana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Свитич</surname><given-names>Оксана А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, чл.-корр. РАН</p></bio><email>svitichoa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0017-1892</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2122-1808</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zverev</surname><given-names>Vitaly V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зверев</surname><given-names>Виталий В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор, академик РАН</p></bio><email>vitalyzverev@outlook.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт вакцин и сывороток им. И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-02-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>102</fpage><lpage>110</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-09-26"><day>26</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-12-19"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Pashkov E.A., Faizuloev E.B., Milchakov D.V., Lushnikov R.E., Bogdanova E.A., Rozhkova L.S., Svitich O.A., Zverev V.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Пашков Е.А., Файзулоев Е.Б., Мильчаков Д.В., Лушников Р.Е., Богданова Е.А., Рожкова Л.С., Свитич О.А., Зверев В.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pashkov E.A., Faizuloev E.B., Milchakov D.V., Lushnikov R.E., Bogdanova E.A., Rozhkova L.S., Svitich O.A., Zverev V.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пашков Е.А., Файзулоев Е.Б., Мильчаков Д.В., Лушников Р.Е., Богданова Е.А., Рожкова Л.С., Свитич О.А., Зверев В.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-04-21"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/636513">https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/636513</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold><italic> </italic>Influenza remains a significant global public health challenge. Currently, the challenges of viral resistance to existing antiviral drugs and the immunosuppressive effects induced by the influenza virus remain urgent issues. A promising strategy involves developing antiviral agents that inhibit cellular gene activity via RNA interference.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold><italic> </italic>To evaluate the immunomodulatory and anti-influenza effects of small interfering RNAs targeting cellular genes in a murine model of influenza virus infection.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold><italic> </italic>The study utilized the mouse-adapted influenza virus strain A/California/7/09 (H1N1) and BALB/c mice. Small interfering RNA administration and viral infection were performed intranasally. Changes in cytokine profiles and viral replication were assessed using molecular-genetic and virological methods.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold><italic> </italic>Based on the evaluation of cytokine expression dynamics, no statistically significant differences were observed in systemic cytokine levels (blood), except for IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-10, between the experimental and control groups. In the lungs, intranasal administration of all small interfering RNA complexes resulted in decreased IL-1β and TNF-α expression, while IL-1β and IL-6 expression increased in upper respiratory tract lavage samples. The use of small interfering RNAs Nup98.1 and Nup98.1/Nup205.1 led to a significant increase in IL-10 expression in the lungs by day 3, whereas Nup205.1 resulted in a significant increase in IL-10 levels in the upper respiratory tract by the same time point. TGF-β1 expression decreased in the lungs but increased in the blood by day 3 across all small interfering RNA complexes. Significant differences in the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were observed at the local level. The most pronounced immunomodulatory effects were observed in the upper respiratory tract and lungs, the primary sites of small interfering RNA administration. Parallel to these immune profile alterations, viral replication was reduced by 1–2.5 orders of magnitude compared to control groups.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold><italic> </italic>This study provides evidence that small interfering RNAs targeting one or more cellular genes in an <italic>in vivo</italic> model can significantly reduce viral replication while modulating cytokine profiles.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Гриппозная инфекция — одна из наиболее актуальных проблем мирового здравоохранения. В настоящее время остро стоят проблемы формирования вирусной резистентности к существующим лекарственным препаратам и иммуносупрессивного действия, индуцируемого вирусом гриппа. Перспективным решением представляется создание противовирусных препаратов, действие которых основано на ингибировании активности клеточных генов посредством РНК-интерференции.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> — оценка иммуномодулирующего и противогриппозного эффекта малых интерферирующих РНК, направленных к клеточным генам, на мышиной модели вирусной инфекции.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> В исследовании использованы адаптированный к мышам штамм вируса гриппа A/California/7/09 (H1N1) и мыши линии BALB/c. Введение малых интерферирующих РНК и заражение животных выполняли интраназально. Оценку изменения цитокинового профиля и вирусной активности выполняли с помощью молекулярно-генетических и вирусологических методов.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>По результатам проведённой оценки динамики экспрессии цитокинов не было получено достоверных различий на системном уровне (в крови), за исключением IL-6, TNF-α и IL-10, между опытными и контрольными группами. В лёгких мышей при интраназальном введении всех комплексов малых интерферирующих РНК отмечалось снижение уровня экспрессии IL-1β и TNF-α, однако обнаруживалось повышение экспрессии IL-1β и IL-6 в смывах из верхних дыхательных путей. При использовании малых интерферирующих РНК Nup98.1 и Nup98.1/Nup205.1 наблюдалось достоверное увеличение экспрессии IL-10 в лёгких к третьим суткам, а при использовании Nup205.1 — достоверное повышение в верхних дыхательных путях на третьи сутки. Экспрессия TGF-β1 также снижалась в лёгких и повышалась в крови на третьи сутки при использовании всех комплексов малых интерферирующих РНК. На локальных уровнях были получены достоверные различия в экспрессии про- и противовоспалительных цитокинов. Исходя из этого, наиболее активный иммуномодулирующий эффект используемые комплексы малых интерферирующих РНК показывают в верхних дыхательных путях и лёгких, в местах их непосредственного введения. Параллельно снижение вирусной репродукции по сравнению с группами контроля составило 1–2,5 порядка на фоне изменения иммунного профиля.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> В проведённом исследовании представлены данные о том, что малые интерферирующие РНК, направленные к одному и более клеточным генам на модели <italic>in vivo</italic>, способны достоверно приводить к снижению вирусной репродукции, а также к изменению цитокинового профиля.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>RNA interference</kwd><kwd>influenza virus</kwd><kwd>infection</kwd><kwd>small interfering RNA</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>РНК-интерференция</kwd><kwd>вирус гриппа</kwd><kwd>инфекция</kwd><kwd>малые интерферирующие РНК</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Valenzuela-Sánchez F, Valenzuela-Méndez B, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez JF, Estella Á. 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