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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокины и воспаление</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1684-7849</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">636443</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CI636443</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Prospects for cytokine therapy in acute respiratory viral infections, including COVID-19</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Перспективы цитокинотерапии острых респираторных вирусных инфекций, включая коронавирусную инфекцию</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8228-4240</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2064-7584</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Simbirtsev</surname><given-names>Andrey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Симбирцев</surname><given-names>Андрей Семенович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН</p></bio><email>simbas@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Research Institute of Highly Pure Biopreparations</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научно-исследовательский институт особо чистых биопрепаратов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-11-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>35</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-09-24"><day>24</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-10-17"><day>17</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Simbirtsev A.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Симбирцев А.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Simbirtsev A.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Симбирцев А.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-12-21"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/636443">https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/636443</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Severe respiratory viral infections are accompanied by an unbalanced immune response due to suppression of endogenous interferon (IFN) synthesis, which leads to hyperproduction of proinflammatory cytokines. This results in inadequate inflammation in the lungs, accompanied by acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure, and dysfunction of other organs. Cytokine imbalance that underlies the immunopathogenesis of severe acute respiratory viral infections including COVID-19 offers the potential for two principal approaches to cytokine therapy, which are determined by the stage of the infectious process and the severity of clinical symptoms. Cytokine therapy with intranasal recombinant type I and III IFN represent a viable therapeutic strategy in prevention of virus infection or at early stages of the disease, particularly in endogenous IFN deficit at the onset. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, intranasal products based on recombinant IFNα2b demonstrated high antiviral activity and good tolerability, and are included in the national guidelines for control of coronavirus infection in Russia and other countries. This therapeutic approach aims at normalizing endogenous IFN expression, which may be inhibited by certain respiratory viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. In cases of cytokine storm and severe respiratory infections, an anticytokine therapy may effectively inhibit the overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines. Both cytokine immunotherapies are based on using either synthetic analogs of endogenous cytokines or monoclonal antibodies that inhibit the cytokine up-regulation above physiological levels.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Тяжёлые респираторные вирусные инфекции сопровождаются развитием несбалансированного иммунного ответа в результате подавления синтеза эндогенного интерферона (IFN), ведущего к гиперпродукции провоспалительных цитокинов, служащей причиной неадекватно сильного воспаления в лёгких с развитием острого респираторного дистресс-синдрома, дыхательной недостаточности и нарушения функционирования других органов. Дисбаланс цитокиновой регуляции, лежащий в основе иммунопатогенеза тяжёлых острых респираторных вирусных инфекций, включая COVID-19, предполагает возможность применения двух основных способов цитокинотерапии в зависимости от стадии инфекционного процесса и тяжести клинических проявлений. Для профилактики заражения респираторными вирусами и для лечения на ранних стадиях заболевания возможно проведение цитокинотерапии препаратами интраназального рекомбинантного IFN I или III типов, который способен компенсировать недостаток эндогенного IFN в начальной стадии инфекции. Например, в ходе пандемии коронавирусной инфекции интраназальные препараты на основе рекомбинантного IFN-α2b продемонстрировали высокую противовирусную активность и хорошую переносимость и включены в национальные медицинские рекомендации по борьбе с коронавирусной инфекцией в России и ряде других стран. Эта терапия направлена на восстановление уровня эндогенного IFN, подавленного в результате воздействия различных респираторных вирусов, включая коронавирус SARS-CoV-2. При развитии цитокинового шторма и тяжёлом течении респираторных инфекций целесообразно назначение антицитокиновой терапии для подавления избыточного синтеза эндогенных провоспалительных цитокинов. Оба направления цитокинотерапии являются вариантами иммунотерапии с использованием аналогов эндогенных цитокинов либо вариантов воздействия на систему цитокинов в основном препаратами моноклональных антител с целью подавления избыточной активации их синтеза, превышающего физиологические нормы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>intranasal interferon</kwd><kwd>proinflammatory cytokines</kwd><kwd>anticytokine therapy</kwd><kwd>COVID-19 immunopathogenesis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>интраназальный интерферон</kwd><kwd>провоспалительные цитокины</kwd><kwd>антицитокиновая терапия</kwd><kwd>иммунопатогенез COVID-19</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simbirtsev AS. Cytokine regulation disbalance: the basis for COVID-19 immunopathogenesis. 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