<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокины и воспаление</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1684-7849</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">636439</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CI636439</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">WXTLEQ</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Anticytokine Activity and Cytokine-Like Substance Production by Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Patients with Infectious and Inflammatory Postoperative Complications</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Антицитокиновая активность и продукция цитокиноподобных веществ грамотрицательными бактериями, выделенными от больных с инфекционно-воспалительными послеоперационными осложнениями</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9944-3095</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9638-7336</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pashinina</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пашинина</surname><given-names>Ольга Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>olga25mikro@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8075-8249</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5146-6190</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pashkova</surname><given-names>Tatiana M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пашкова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Михайловна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук</p></bio><email>pashkova070782@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1487-7546</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9315-1070</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kartashova</surname><given-names>Olga L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карташова</surname><given-names>Ольга Львовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук</p></bio><email>labpersist@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8130-8979</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2678-7689</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomina</surname><given-names>Lyudmila O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фомина</surname><given-names>Людмила Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>fomina454@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2086-5170</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7107-1300</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gritsenko</surname><given-names>Victor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гриценко</surname><given-names>Виктор Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>vag59@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Orenburg Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Оренбургский федеральный исследовательский центр Уральского отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт иммунологии и физиологии Уральского отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-05-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>21</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>144</fpage><lpage>152</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-09-24"><day>24</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-29"><day>29</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Pashinina O.A., Pashkova T.M., Kartashova O.L., Fomina L.O., Gritsenko V.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Пашинина О.А., Пашкова Т.М., Карташова О.Л., Фомина Л.О., Гриценко В.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pashinina O.A., Pashkova T.M., Kartashova O.L., Fomina L.O., Gritsenko V.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пашинина О.А., Пашкова Т.М., Карташова О.Л., Фомина Л.О., Гриценко В.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-06-14"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/636439">https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/636439</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Cytokines play a crucial role in the course and outcome of any infectious and inflammatory process, as they regulate the host immune response of the macroorganism to pathogen invasion. At the same time, it has been established that microorganisms of various species exhibit anticytokine activity (ACA), i.e., the ability to inactivate specific proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, they are capable of producing cytokine-like substances (CLS). These properties of bacterial pathogens may affect the local cytokine balance in infected tissues and increase the risk of infectious and inflammatory complications.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>The work aimed to characterize the ACA and the ability to produce CLS in gram-negative bacteria isolated from patients with infectious and inflammatory postoperative complications.</p> <p><bold>MATERIALS AND METHODS: </bold>This study included 42 clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria of various species (<italic>Escherichia coli</italic>, <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>, <italic>Citrobacter freundii</italic>, <italic>C. braakii</italic>, <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>, <italic>P. putida</italic>, <italic>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</italic>) obtained from patients with infectious and inflammatory postoperative complications. Pure bacterial cultures were obtained using standard bacteriological methods, and species identification was performed via direct protein profiling using a MALDI-TOF MS Microflex LT mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics, Germany) and MaldiBioTyper 3.0 software. ACA of the bacteria was assessed with respect to interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-8, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The production of CLS was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ACA and CLS levels were calculated based on the proportion of cytokine inactivation or production relative to control samples and expressed in pg/mL.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Intergeneric, interspecies, and intraspecies/interstrain differences were identified in the prevalence and intensity of ACA against IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-8, and TNF-α, as well as in the production of CLS corresponding to these cytokines, among clinical isolates of gram-negative microorganisms (representatives of the <italic>Enterobacteriaceae </italic>family and nonfermenting bacteria) obtained from surgical patients with postoperative infectious and inflammatory complications.</p> <p>The observed variability in ACA prevalence and intensity, as well as in the ability to produce specific CLS, contributes significantly to the phenotypic diversity—and likely to the pathogenic potential—of causative agents of infectious and inflammatory complications in surgical patients. The clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria demonstrated the ability to inhibit both anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1Ra and IL-4) and proinflammatory immunomodulators (IL-8 and TNF-α), as well as to produce substances with effects similar to those of these regulatory molecules. This diversity in cytokine-associated properties of the pathogens may significantly disrupt cytokine-mediated regulation of inflammation of infectious origin.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>The results of this study may be used in the future to develop predictive algorithms for assessing the risk of infectious and inflammatory complications following surgical interventions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> На течение и исход любого инфекционно-воспалительного процесса влияют цитокины, которые обеспечивают регуляцию иммунного ответа макроорганизма при внедрении возбудителя. В то же время установлено, что микроорганизмы разных видов обладают антицитокиновой активностью (АЦА), т. е. способны инактивировать те или иные про- и противовоспалительные цитокины, а также могут продуцировать цитокиноподобные вещества (ЦПВ). Указанные особенности бактериальных патогенов способны повлиять на локальный цитокиновый баланс в инфицированных тканях макроорганизма, повышая риск возникновения инфекционно-воспалительных осложнений.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Характеристика АЦА и способности к продукции ЦПВ у грамотрицательных бактерий, выделенных от больных с инфекционно-воспалительными послеоперационными осложнениями.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В работе использовано 42 клинических изолята грамотрицательных бактерий разных видов (<italic>Escherichia coli</italic>, <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>, <italic>Citrobacter freundii</italic>, <italic>C. braakii</italic>, <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>, <italic>P. putida</italic>, <italic>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</italic>), выделенных от больных с инфекционно-воспалительными послеоперационными осложнениями. Выделение чистых культур бактерий осуществляли бактериологическим методом, а их видовую идентификацию проводили по прямому белковому профилированию с помощью масс-спектрометра MALDI TOF MS серии Microflex LT (BrukerDaltonics, Германия) и программного обеспечения MaldiBioTyper 3.0. АЦА бактерий в отношении интерлейкина-4 (IL-4), IL-8, IL-1Ra, фактора некроза опухоли альфа (TNF-α) и продукцию ЦПВ определяли методом иммуноферментного анализа. Уровни АЦА и продукции ЦПВ рассчитывали с учётом доли инактивации или продукции соответствующих цитокинов в опыте относительно контроля, выражая в пг/мл.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Охарактеризованы межродовые, межвидовые и внутривидовые/межштаммовые различия в распространённости и выраженности АЦА в отношении IL-1Ra, IL-4, IL-8 и TNF-α, а также продукции ЦПВ соответствующих цитокинов у клинических изолятов грамотрицательных микроорганизмов (представители семейства <italic>Enterobacteriaceae </italic>и группа неферментирующих бактерий), выделенных при инфекционно-воспалительных осложнениях у больных хирургического профиля.</p> <p>Выявленная вариабельность по распространённости и выраженности АЦА и способности к продукции определённых ЦПВ вносит существенный вклад в формирование фенотипического разнообразия и, очевидно, патогенного потенциала возбудителей инфекционно-воспалительных осложнений у пациентов хирургического профиля. Изученные клинические штаммы грамотрицательных бактерий были способны как ингибировать противовоспалительные цитокины (IL-1Ra и IL-4) и провоспалительные иммуномодуляторы (IL-8 и TNF-α), так и продуцировать в среду вещества, сходные по действию с этими регуляторными молекулами. Такое разнообразие цитокин-ассоциированных характеристик патогенов способно внести существенные «помехи» в цитокин-опосредованную регуляцию воспалительного процесса инфекционной этиологии.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Результаты проведённого исследования в перспективе могут быть использованы для разработки алгоритмов прогнозирования риска развития инфекционно-воспалительных осложнений при оперативных вмешательствах.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>postoperative complications</kwd><kwd>gram-negative bacteria</kwd><kwd>anticytokine activity</kwd><kwd>cytokine-like substance production</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>послеоперационные осложнения</kwd><kwd>грамотрицательные бактерии</kwd><kwd>антицитокиновая активность</kwd><kwd>продукция цитокиноподобных веществ</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>FUUG-2022-0007</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Mrugova TM, Gritsenko VA, Ageevets VA, et al. Biological properties and genetic characteristics gram-negative bacteria isolated from patients in a multidisciplinary hospital. Bulletin of the Orenburg Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the RAS. 2019;(3):11. doi: 10.24411/2304-9081-2019-13027 EDN: QOWSGK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Simbirtsev AS. Cytokines — classification and biologic functions. Cytokines and Inflammation. 2004;3(2):16–22. EDN: HRRMZV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Kochkina E, Sycheva M, Pashkova T, Kartashova O. Anti-cytokine activity of genus Enterococcus bacteria isolated from animals. Bulletin of the BSSA named after V.R. Filippov. 2019;57(4):25–31. doi: 10.34655/bgsha.2019.57.4.004 EDN: YYELFD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Pashinina OA, Pashkova TM, Kartashova OL, Morozova NV. Anticytokine activity of Candida spp. and their ability to produce cytokine-like substances. Russian Journal of Immunology. 2023;26(1):57–62. doi: 10.46235/1028-7221-1150-AAO EDN: OLWVPU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Popova LP, Pashkova TM, Morozova NV, et al. Anticytokine activity of E. coli strains, isolated from urine with urolithiasis. Russian Journal of Immunology. 2019;13(2–1):474–476. doi: 10.31857/S102872210006935-3 EDN: TBUUHU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Kartashova OL, Pashkova TM, Pashinina OA, Morozova NV. Anticytokine activity and the ability to produce cytokine-like substances of Staphylococci isolated from the prostatic secretions in men with symptoms of urogenital infection. Russian Journal of Immunology. 2021;24(2):257–260. doi: 10.46235/1028-7221-995-AAA EDN: HNHYJS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Porat R, Clark BD, Wolff SM, Dinarello CA. Enhancement of growth of virulent strains of Escherichia coli by interleukin-1. Science. 1991;254(5030):430–432. doi: 10.1126/science.1833820 EDN: BKQLMT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Högbom M, Ihalin R. Functional and structural characteristics of bacterial proteins that bind host cytokines. Virulence. 2017;8(8):1592–1601. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1363140 EDN: VDYMBG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Mahdavi J, Royer PJ, Sjölinder HS, et al. Pro-inflammatory cytokines can act as intracellular modulators of commensal bacterial virulence. Open Biol. 2013;3(10):130048. doi: 10.1098/rsob.130048</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Bukharin OV, Perunova NB, Chaynikova IN, et al. Anti-cytokine activity of microorganisms. Journal of Microbiology, Epidemiology and Immunobiology. 2011;88(4):56–61. EDN: TLFYYV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Kutsevalova OY, Rozenko DA, Kozel YY, et al. Etiological characteristics in causative agents of infectious complications in cancer patients. Antibiotics and Chemotherapy. 2022;67(5–6):30–38. doi: 10.37489/0235-2990-2022-67-5-6-30-38 EDN: NXHHET</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Kutsevalova OYu, Kozel YuYu, Panova NI, Rozenko DA. Pathogens of infectious complications and problems of their resistance today. Advances in medical mycology. 2023;24:116–120. (In Russ.) EDN: SUTQJG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Bondarenko TA, Danilova EI, Chainikova IN, et al. Antipeptide activity of intestinal microsymbyonts for the state of intestinal homeostasis estimation. Russian Journal of Immunology. 2018;12(3):222–226. doi: 10.31857/S102872210002385-8 EDN: YYCPET</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Wu L, Estrada O, Zaborina O, et al. Recognition of host immune activation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Science. 2005;309(5735):774–777. doi: 10.1126/science.1112422</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Sugawara E, Nestorovich EM, Bezrukov SM, Nikaido H. Pseudomonas aeruginosa porin OprF exists in two different conformations. J Biol Chem. 2006;281(24):16220–16229. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M600680200</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Fito-Boncompte L, Chapalain A, Bouffartigues E, et al. Full virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa requires OprF. Infect Immun. 2011;79(3):1176–1186. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00850-10</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Moriel DG, Heras B, Paxman JJ, et al. Molecular and structural characterization of a novel Escherichia coli interleukin receptor mimic protein. mBio. 2016;7(2):e02046. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02046-15</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Dunin-Horkawicz S, Kopec KO, Lupas AN. Prokaryotic ancestry of eukaryotic protein networks mediating innate immunity and apoptosis. J Mol Biol. 2014;426(7):1568–1582. doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.11.030</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
