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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cytokines and inflammation</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Цитокины и воспаление</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1684-7849</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">627304</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/CI627304</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Inflammation in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Воспаление в патогенезе нейродегенеративных заболеваний</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6967-8838</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6638-9367</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Goncharov</surname><given-names>Andrey G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гончаров</surname><given-names>Андрей Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>agoncharov59@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3498-9094</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1506-1036</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Reverchuk</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Реверчук</surname><given-names>Игорь Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>igor7272igor@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7243-9731</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5736-4492</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shupletsova</surname><given-names>Valeria Vl.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шуплецова</surname><given-names>Валерия Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>vshupletsova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Балтийский федеральный университет имени Иммануила Канта</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-04-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>5</fpage><lpage>11</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-02-21"><day>21</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-03-12"><day>12</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Goncharov A.G., Reverchuk I.V., Shupletsova V.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Гончаров А.Г., Реверчук И.В., Шуплецова В.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Goncharov A.G., Reverchuk I.V., Shupletsova V.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гончаров А.Г., Реверчук И.В., Шуплецова В.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-05-18"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/627304">https://cijournal.ru/1684-7849/article/view/627304</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>INTRODUCTION: </bold>Neurodegenerative diseases are common chronic disorders that are associated with progressive damage to the nervous system. The role of the immune system in the development of neurodegenerative diseases was confirmed by data on the activation of microglia, the presence of an imbalance in the composition and phenotype of peripheral immune cells, and the presence of humoral immunity disorders and intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in patients with this pathology.</p> <p><bold>DISCUSSION:</bold><italic> </italic>Inflammation has been observed to play a key role in the pathogenesis of diseases associated with progressive damage to the nervous system. The article analyzes the mechanisms in the development of “subclinical” chronic inflammation that leads to development of old-age-related diseases, including neurodegenerative pathology. At least three groups of factors associated with old age play a role in the formation of a proinflammatory status: mitochondrial dysfunction, development of an age-related proinflammatory status of the immune system, and chronic stress. Mitochondrial dysfunction is primarily associated with disruption of mitophagy processes: failure of quality control mechanisms as a result of disruption of mitophagy processes leads to the accumulation of terminally damaged mitochondria, which become a threat to cell survival. Inadequate removal of damaged mitochondria leads to hyperactivation of inflammatory signaling pathways and subsequently to chronic systemic inflammation and the development of inflammatory diseases. A high level of deletions in the mitochondrial genetic apparatus that accumulates with age inevitably leads to increased formation of reactive oxygen species, which in turn are assumed as one of the leading activators of the cytosolic NLRP3 protein, the primary component of inflammasomes. Increased inflammasome formation eventually leads to caspase-1-dependent production of proinflammatory interleukins. Age-related inflammatory imbalance is associated with the fact that the immune system, the main protective mechanism characterized by the inflammatory response, copes with constant antigenic attacks. However, over time, upon reaching a certain threshold, the reaction of the immune system becomes excessive, characterized by increased production of coagulation factors, proinflammatory cytokines, acute phase proteins of inflammation, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold><italic> </italic>Immunological changes that develop during chronic (long-term) stress are the result of a disruption of the homeostatic connection between the neuroendocrine and immune systems, leading to the formation of an inflammatory background that complements the “proinflammatory status” that develops as a result of age-related changes in the immune system and disruption of mitophagy mechanisms.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Нейродегенеративные заболевания — это распространённые хронические расстройства, связанные с прогрессирующим поражением системы нервных тканей. Участие иммунной системы в развитии нейродегенеративных заболеваний было подтверждено данными об активации микроглии, наличием дисбаланса в составе и фенотипе периферических иммунных клеток и наличием нарушений со стороны гуморального иммунитета, дисбиозом кишечной микробиоты у пациентов с этой патологией.</p> <p><bold>Обсуждение.</bold> Установлено, что в патогенезе заболеваний, связанных с прогрессирующим поражением нервной системы, воспаление играет ключевую роль. В статье анализируются механизмы развития субклинического хронического воспаления, которое приводит к развитию старости и связанных с ней заболеваний, в том числе нейродегенеративной патологии. В формировании провоспалительного статуса значение имеют как минимум три сопряжённые со старостью группы факторов: митохондриальная дисфункция, развитие возрастного провоспалительного статуса иммунной системы и хронический стресс. Митохондриальная дисфункция связана в первую очередь с нарушением процессов митофагии: отказ механизмов контроля качества в результате нарушения процессов митофагии способствует накоплению неизлечимо повреждённых митохондрий, которые становятся угрозой для выживания клеток. Неполноценное удаление повреждённых митохондрий приводит к гиперактивации воспалительных сигнальных путей и впоследствии к хроническому системному воспалению и развитию воспалительных заболеваний; накапливающийся с возрастом высокий уровень делеций в генетическом аппарате митохондрий — к усиленному образованию активных форм кислорода, которые, в свою очередь, как предполагается, являются одним из ведущих активаторов цитозольного белка NLRP3, основного компонента инфламмасом. Усиление формирования инфламмасом в конечном итоге вызывает каспаз-1-зависимую продукцию провоспалительных интерлейкинов. Возрастной воспалительный дисбаланс связан с тем, что в процессе жизни иммунная система, основным защитным механизмом которой выступает воспалительная реакция, справляется с постоянными антигенными атаками. Однако со временем по достижении некоего «порога» реакция иммунной системы становится избыточной, характеризующейся усилением продукции факторов коагуляции, провоспалительных цитокинов, белков острой фазы воспаления, простагландинов и лейкотриенов.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Иммунологические сдвиги, развивающиеся при хроническом (длительном) стрессе, являются результатом нарушения гомеостатической связи между нейроэндокринной и иммунной системами, приводят к формированию воспалительного фона, дополняющего провоспалительный статус, складывающийся в результате возрастных изменений в иммунной системе и нарушения механизмов митофагии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>cytokines</kwd><kwd>Parkinson’s disease</kwd><kwd>Alzheimer’s disease</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>цитокины</kwd><kwd>болезнь Паркинсона</kwd><kwd>болезнь Альцгеймера</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>№ 21-75-20145</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pezone A, Olivieri F, Napoli MV, et al. 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